국제법상 우주자원의 법적 성격과 관리제도

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Deep Space Industries, Shackleton Energy, Moon Express 등의 우주 벤처기업들은 우주자원을 채굴하기 위한 인공위성을 개발 중이며, 조만간 인공위성이 발사될 계획이다. 이러한 우주자원 채굴을 촉진하기 위하여 미국은 2015년 11월 ‘상업우주발사 경쟁법’을, 그리고 룩셈부르크는 2017년 7월 ‘우주자원의 탐사와 이용법’을 각각 제정하였다.
우주발사 경쟁법 섹션 51302는 “미국 시민은 미국의 국제의무를 포함하여 적용법에 따른 습득된 소행성 자원 또는 우주자원을 소지, 보유, 운송, 이용 그리고 판매할 수 있는 권한을 포함하여 우주자원에 대한 모든 권한을 가진다”라고 규정하며, 우주자원의 탐사와 이용법 제1조는 “우주자원은 국제법에 따라 전용될 수 있다”고 규정한다.
그러나 상기 규정이 국제우주법의 원칙 중의 하나인 우주의 비전용 원칙에 위반된다는 논란이 제기되었다. 이 논란은 우주자원의 개념 및 법적지위에 대한 국제법의 흠결에서 비롯된다. 따라서 이 논문은 우주자원을 정의하고 우주자원의 법적 지위를 살펴보고자 한다. 이러한 시도는 기존의 우주 관련 유엔 5개 조약을 토대로 하되 필요할 경우 미국과 룩셈부르크의 국내법도 검토의 대상이다. 우주자원의 정의 및 법적 지위가 어느 정도 정립되면, 우주자원의 관리제도에 대하여 간략히 살펴볼 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A number of private companies such as Deep Space Industries, Moon Express, and Shackleton are pursuing space mining business. Spacecrafts with prepatory missions could be launched as early as next year. In order to facilitate these initiatives, the United States legislated ‘Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act’(CSLCA) in November 2015. Luxemburg also enacted ‘Law on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources’(LEUSR) in July 2017. The section 51302 of CSLCA provides that “A United States citizen (...) shall be entitled to any asteroid resource or space resource obtained, including to posses, own, transport, use, and sell the asteroid resources or space resource obtained in accordance with applicable law, including the international obligations of the United States”. Likewise, The article 1 of LEUSR stipulates that “Space resources are capable of being appropriated in accordance with international law”.
There are conflicting opinions on whether the above two legislations violate one of the principles of ‘non appropriation of outer space’ in international space law. This argument originates from the deficiencies of the international law on the definition and legal status of space resources.
This article attempts to define the term ‘space resources’ and its legal status based on the analysis of UN’s five treaties related to the space activities and the two legislations introduced above. Only after the definition of space resources and its legal status are settled, a management regime for space resources could follow.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 문제의 제기
• Ⅱ. 우주자원의 개념
• Ⅲ. 우주자원의 법적 지위
• Ⅳ. 우주자원 관리 국제제도
• Ⅴ. 결론
• 국문초록
• ABSTRACT

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 최태현, "인류의 공동유산 개념의 법적 의미" (14) : 194-196, 1998

2 박근태, "우주에서 캐낸 희귀자원, 소유주는 누구?"

3 Virgiliu Pop, "Who owns the Moon?: Extraterrestrial Aspects of Land and Mineral Resources Ownership" Springer 122-, 2009

4 Silvia Mauriec Williams, "Utilization of meteorites and celestial products" 179-,

5 "UN GA Resolution 1472(XIV). International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space"

6 Zhukov G.P, "The problem of the definition of outer space" 273-,

7 Jakhu, R. S., "The legal regime of the geostationary orbit, Thesis, Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, 1983 Treaty on Outer Space, Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, First Session on Executive D, 90th Congress, First Session, March 7, 13 and April 12, 1967"

8 Aldo Armando Cocca, "The advance in international law through the law of outer space" 9 (9): 13-20, 1981

9 Elliot Reaven, "The United States Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act: The Creation of Private Space Property Rights and the Omission of the Right to Freedom From Harmful Interference" 94 : 238-, 2016

10 Neil Hosenball, "The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: Past Accomplishment and Future Challenges" 7 (7): 103-104, 1979

11 Patricia Minolta, "The Moon Treaty and the Law of the Sea" 18 : 468-, 1982

12 "Space May Be Next Frontier for Earth's Crude Oil Giants, Analyst Says"

13 Goedhuis, "Some legal problems arising from the utilization of outer space" 54 : 427-, 1970

14 Goedhuis, "Report of Space Law Committee" 56 : 472-, 1972

15 Stzucki, "Remarks during the discussion on the introductory report" 64-,

16 Tanja Masson-Zwaan, "Regulation of space resource rights: Meeting the needs of States and private parties" 35 : 6-7, 2017

17 "Projet de loi sur l’exploration et l’utilisation des ressources de l’espace, N0 7093 CHAMBRE DES DEPUTES Session ordinaire 2016-2017"

18 Eugne Brooks, "National control of natural planetary bodies: preliminary considerations" 32 : 322-323, 1966

19 "Loi du 21 avril 1810 concernant les mines, les minières et les carrières"

20 Ricky J. Lee, "Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space" Springer 258-, 2012

21 Gorove, "International Law Association Proceedings, vol. 54"

22 "Goldman Sachs: space-mining for platinum is ‘more realistic than perceived'"

23 Andrew Lintner, "Extraterrestrial Extraction: The International Implications of the Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015" 40 (40): 150-, 2016

24 Hobe, "Cologne Commentary on Space Law, Volume II" Carl Heymanns Verlag 339-, 2013

25 Mike Wall, "Asteroid Mining may be a reality by 2025"

26 Ian Webster, "Asteroid Database and Mining Rankings – Asterank"

27 C Q Christol, "Article 2 of the 1967 Principles Treaty Revisited" 9 : 217-, 1984

28 Richard B. Bilder, "A Legal Regime for the Mining of Helium-3 on the Moon: U.S. Policy Options" 33 : 243-299, 2009