의례율조 명칭 ‘쇼묘’와 일본불교의 특성 = The relationship Japanese Buddhism and the term “Shomyo”

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In China and Korea, Buddhist chants are called ‘Beompae(梵唄)’, but in Japan it is called ‘Shomyo(声明)’. In this study, I investigated the difference through Japanese Buddhist history and ancient literature. As the result, I found that until the early Heian period, the Buddhist chant’s was called Beompae(梵唄), Shomyo was referring to pan-linguistics for learning the Shingon and Dharani in Sanskrit Siddhaṃ. But as time passed, the whole ritual music and Buddhist chanting was referred to as 'Shomyo'. the main factor in this was that Japanese Buddhism became Esotericization after the return of Saicho and Kukai who learned Esoteric Buddhism in China.
Annen(安然), a disciple of Ennin(円仁), the progenitor of Tendai Shomyo, explained 'Lye(呂)' and '律(Ritsu)' in the tones of Sittan, and this became the basis for the theory of tone scale on shomyo and the royal court music. Therefore, it can be seen that Annen's teaching was the shomyo, and that the name ‘shomyo’ was influenced Annen's phonology of Sanskrit siddhaṃ on the Buddhist ritual and music. The actual progenitor of Shingonshomyo is Kancho(寛朝 916~998). Kancho placed a three-fold certification system in the shomyo learning process, so that even today, only authorized monks can practice the mantra.
As the Tendai Shomyo was performed along with the royal ceremonies, many artistic music melodies were made. Therefore, there are ceremonies accompanied by royal court music and dancing. In contrast, Shingon shomyo was more faithful to Esoteric ceremonies. so a strict accreditation system was placed on those who practice shomyo chanting and Buddhist ceremonies. As a result of this, there are not the acts as professional monks who popular Buddhist chanting singer as like the Yingchousēng(應酬僧) of China or the Bagattchaebi(바깥채비) of Kore in today’s Japanese Buddhism.