Environmental management for aquaculture

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Series editor's preface = xi
• Preface = xiii
• 1 Aquaculture systems = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.2 A classification of aquaculture = 2
• 1.2.1 Extensive coastal aquaculture = 2
• 1.2.2 Semi­extensive carp polyculture = 3
• 1.2.3 Semi­intensive shrimp farming = 4
• 1.2.4 Intensive culture systems = 4
• 1.2.5 Super­intensive recycle systems = 4
• 1.3 Physical nature of aquaculture systems = 5
• 1.3.1 Earth ponds = 5
• 1.3.2 Tanks = 5
• 1.3.3 Floating net cages = 8
• 1.3.4 Longline and raft culture = 8
• 1.3.5 Recycle systems = 10
• 1.4 Why is environmental management needed? = 10
• 1.5 Systems ecology and environmental management = 11
• 1.5.1 Systems ecology theory = 11
• 1.5.2 Systems ecology and aquacultural systems = 17
• Summary = 20
• 2 Environmental impact of aquaculture = 21
• 2.1 Introduction = 21
• 2.2 Aquaculture wastes = 23
• 2.2.1 Solids = 24
• 2.2.2 Dissolved nutrients = 25
• 2.3 Environmental consequences of hypernutrification = 32
• 2.3.1 Oxygen depletion = 32
• Case 2.1 : Waste from intensive shrimp farming = 33
• Case 2.2 : Impact of trout farm wastewater on a stream ecosystem = 36
• Case 2.3 : Floating cage farming = 41
• Case 2.4 : Mussel culture = 52
• 2.4 Conclusions = 55
• Summary = 56
• 3 Environmental impact of chemicals in aquaculture = 57
• 3.1 Chemicals used in aquaculture = 57
• 3.2 Administration of treatments = 57
• 3.2.1 Oral administration = 59
• 3.2.2 Bath treatments = 59
• 3.2.3 Mass injection = 59
• 3.3 Environmental concerns = 60
• 3.3.1 Direct toxicity = 60
• 3.3.2 Resistance = 60
• 3.3.3 Prophylactic use = 61
• 3.3.4 Persistence of antibiotic residues in the environment = 61
• 3.4 Effects on the microbial community = 64
• 3.5 Impact on aquaculture = 66
• 3.6 Impact on fisheries = 68
• Summary = 68
• 4 Waste minimization = 69
• 4.1 Waste minimization and aquaculture planning = 69
• 4.1.1 Environmental impact assessment(EIA) = 69
• 4.1.2 Predictive modelling and EIA = 75
• 4.1.3 Other considerations = 83
• 4.2 Farm design = 84
• 4.2.1 Tank or raceway design = 84
• 4.2.2 De­intensification = 84
• 4.3 Operational management for waste reduction = 85
• 4.3.1 Cage site rotation = 86
• 4.3.2 Management of abnormal solid loads = 86
• 4.3.3 Reducing the use of chemicals = 87
• 4.4 Reducing the environmental impact of chemical residues through operational management = 89
• 4.5 Feed storage and handling = 90
• 4.5.1 Feeding strategies = 90
• 4.5.2 Fish nutrition = 93
• 4.5.3 Husbandry factors = 96
• 4.6 Case studies = 101
• Case 4.1 = 101
• Case 4.2 = 104
• Summary = 106
• 5 Wastewater reconditioning: physical methods = 107
• 5.1 Solids removal = 107
• 5.1.1 Screening = 107
• Case 5.1 : UNIK^� rotary filter = 108
• Case 5.2 : Triangle filter^� = 110
• 5.1.2 Pre­concentration of solids = 110
• 5.2 Sedimentation = 111
• 5.2.1 Problems with settlement ponds = 114
• 5.2.2 Recommendations for sedimentation pond design and use = 115
• 5.3 Hydroclones = 115
• 5.4 Flotation = 117
• 5.4.1 Dispersed­air flotation = 119
• 5.4.2 Dissolved­air flotation = 119
• 5.4.3 Summary = 120
• 5.5 Sludge dewatering and disposal = 120
• 5.6 Interception of solid wastes from floating cage aquaculture = 121
• 5.7 Waste pharmaceutical removal = 122
• 5.8 Activated carbon = 122
• 5.9 Ion exchange = 123
• 5.10 Pathogen elimination from wastewaters = 123
• 5.10.1 Ultraviolet sterilization = 123
• 5.10.2 Ozonation = 125
• 5.10.3 Filtration for pathogen removal = 126
• 5.11 Oxygenation = 126
• 5.11.1 Cascades = 128
• 5.11.2 Upwelling gravity aerator = 129
• 5.11.3 Vertical pump systems = 129
• 5.12 Degassing = 130
• Summary = 130
• 6 Wastewater reconditioning: biological wastewater treatment systems = 132
• 6.1 The biofilter = 132
• 6.1.1 Freshwater ecology = 132
• 6.1.2 Ecology of the biofilm = 137
• 6.1.3 Implications for biofilter design and management = 139
• 6.1.4 Application of biofilters to aquaculture = 145
• 6.1.5 Biofilter design = 146
• 6.2 Wetland treatment systems = 150
• 6.2.1 Classification of wetland treatment systems = 152
• 6.2.2 Special nature of aquaculture wastewaters = 153
• 6.2.3 Functional relationships in wetland treatment systems = 154
• 6.2.4 Aquaculture and wetland treatment systems = 155
• Case 6.1 : Catfish in the USA = 156
• Case 6.2 : Elodea and ornamental fish production = 157
• Case 6.3 : Fish culture and watercress = 158
• 6.2.5 Design of wetland systems = 160
• 6.2.6 Wetlands versus biofilters = 161
• 6.2.7 Bacterial augmentation = 162
• Summary = 163
• 7 Environmental management systems for aquaculture = 164
• Case 7.1 : IDAS Trout Ltd, Ireland = 165
• 7.1 Environmental management systems = 167
• 7.1.1 The environmental review = 167
• 7.1.2 The environmental policy = 169
• 7.1.3 System design and implementation = 169
• 7.1.4 The environmental audit = 170
• 7.2 Environmental management systems and pollution control = 170
• 7.3 Environmental management systems and organizational ethics = 173
• 7.3.1 Accident procedures = 173
• 7.3.2 Training = 173
• 7.3.3 Life­cycle assessment = 173
• 7.3.4 Green marketing = 174
• 7.4 Strategic considerations = 175
• Summary = 176
• 8 Future developments in waste minimization = 177
• 8.1 Integrated farming systems = 177
• 8.2 Integrated marine aquaculture systems = 180
• 8.3 Integrated aquaculture and horticulture = 186
• 8.4 Towards zero emissions = 189
• 8.5 Developmental constraints on integrated production systems = 190
• 8.5.1 System optimization = 190
• 8.5.2 Chemical usage = 191
• 8.5.3 Production intensity = 191
• 8.5.4 Synchronicity = 191
• 8.5.5 Proximity of the component processes = 191
• 8.6 Conclusion = 192
• Summary = 192
• 9 Environmental protection and aquaculture = 193
• 9.1 Existing approaches to the regulation of pollution from aquaculture = 195
• Case 9.1 : European Union and Scandinavia = 195
• Case 9.2 : British Columbia, Canada = 197
• Case 9.3 : Denmark = 198
• Case 9.4 : Norway ­ the LENKA project = 201
• 9.1.1 Summary of cases = 201
• 9.2 Strategic environmental assessment(SEA) = 203
• 9.3 A strategic framework for environmental management in aquaculture = 203
• Summary = 205
• References = 207
• Index = 217