Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults.
Methods: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with selfselected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium.
Results: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p<0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p<0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p<0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference.
Conclusions: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김영신, "수돗물 음용행동의 영향변수에 관한 연구" 한국가정관리학회 24 (24): 93-106, 2006

2 이승재, "맛있는 물 지표 개발을 통한 국내 약수 평가" 대한상하수도학회 25 (25): 7-14, 2011

3 Popkin BM, "Water, hydration, and health" 68 (68): 439-458, 2010

4 Jéquier E, "Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration" 64 (64): 115-123, 2010

5 Garzon P, "Variation in the mineral content of commercially available bottled waters: Implications for health and disease" 105 (105): 125-130, 1998

6 Weinheimer EM, "The effect of exercise on water balance in premenopausal physically active women" 108 (108): 1662-1667, 2008

7 Schroeder HA, "Relation between mortality from cardiovascular diseases and treated water supplies" 172 (172): 1902-1908, 1960

8 Moreno L, "Multisensor array used as an "electronic tongue" for mineral water analysis" 116 (116): 130-134, 2006

9 Whelton AJ, "Minerals in drinking water: impacts on taste and importance to consumer health" 55 (55): 283-291, 2007

10 Daniels MC, "Impact of water intake on energy intake and weight status: a systematic review" 68 (68): 505-521, 2010

11 World Health Organization, "Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th ed"

12 Levallois P, "Evaluation of consumer attitudes on taste and tap water alternatives in Quebec" 40 (40): 135-139, 1999

13 Cidu R, "Drinking water quality: comparing inorganic components in bottled water and Italian tap water" 24 (24): 184-193, 2011

14 Ministry of Health and Welfare, "Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015"

15 Teillet E, "Consumer perception and preference of bottled and tap water" 25 (25): 463-480, 2010

16 Doria MF, "Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumer' preferences" 4 (4): 271-276, 2006

17 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "2015 Korea Health Statistics"