高麗時期 ‘海東’ 인식과 海東天下 = The Perception of Haedong and Haedong chonha during the Koryo Era

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

While Samhan (三韓) refers to an identifiable historical sphere that can be expressed as 韓, the term Haedong (海東) was used to indicate a sphere whose spatial and geographical range included the southern maritime area and the northern reaches of the Korean peninsula. The other independent sphere associated with Haedong was China, or Haes? (海西). As such, the self-appointed title of Haedong did not refer to the eastern parts of the center, but to an East that was the equivalent of the West. Therefore, the concept of Haedong is one which carried with it notions of a relative degree of independence. In turn, this independence of the Haedong became the basis upon which the Haedong ch?nja (海東天子) was created. The various other titles employed by the Kory? kings, such as ch?nha (天下), sahae (四海), and hwanhae (?海), alongside their official title of ch?nja, also contained a clear political significance. Although there exists no historical data in which the term Kory? ch?ha is employed, it is widely believed that Kory? was referred to as Haedong ch?nha, a term closely related to the title of Haedong ch?nja.
Haedong was used as a term to express the independent sphere which was formed in the south of the Liaotung peninsula during the final period of the Silla dynasty. The haedong ch?nha was based on the concept of ch?nmy?(天命, order from heaven). In turn, the ch?nmy?ng perception became the prototype on which Wang K?n based his notion of the Haedong ch?nha during the process of unifying the Samhan. Wang K?n and Ky?n Hw?n were engaged in a fierce struggle to become the hegemonic power in Samhan. While Wang K?n advocated the establishment of a stable world (ch?nha) which he referred to as tonghae (haedong), Ky?n Hw?ns desire to become the hegemonic power in haedong was clearly evident in his Ch´aekbongho (冊封號, reign name). In the end, a new Wang K?n-centered order was established following King Ky?ngsun of Silla, Ky?n Hw?n, as well as the crown prince of Parhaes surrender. Wang K?n adopted a hard-line policy toward the Khitans. Later on, Kory? was able to take advantage of the chaos which engulfed Khitan domestic politics to expand its influence in the north. Shortly thereafter the Tamra kingdom and Wur?ngdo in the maritime area were subjugated, as were the Jurchens in the north, thus resulting in the completion of the prototype of the Haedong ch?nha. Following the defeat of the Khitans in 1080, Kory? established an actual Haedong ch?nha whose influence extended over subjugated states such as the Eastern and Western Jurchens, the Tamra Kingdom, and Ch?nli (鐵利). As the Eastern and Western Jurchens were destroyed following the foundation of the Jin (金) dynasty, this notion of the Haedong ch?nha began to exist only at the conceptual level. However, even the simple notion of this Haedong ch?nha began to fade following the onset of Yuan interference in Kory?.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. ‘海東’ 인식의 추이와 의미
• Ⅲ. ‘海東天子’와 海東天下의 형성
• Ⅳ. 맺음말
• ABSTRACT