[招請論文] 元代蒙文站赤及捕獵文書的漢語直譯與文譯

국문 초록 (Abstract)

몽골이 중국을 통치하고, 원 왕조를 건립하면서부터 중국에서 몽골어가 ‘국어’가 되고, 위구르차자(Uighur)자모와 뒤에 만든파스파(八思巴; ’Phags-pa)를 포함하여 몽골문자가 국자로 되는상황이 나타났다. 몽골어문서는 곧 몽골자모로몽골어를 표기한 관방문서인데, 여기에는황제의 성지(聖旨), 태후와 황후, 공주의 의지(懿旨), 태자나 왕들의 영지(令旨), 그리고 각급 관료나 관청에서 주고 받는 행정문서 등이 포함된다. 이러한 공문은 대체로 원문은 몽골어로 작성되고, 아울러 그 당시에 흔히 ‘직역체 한어’라 부르는 어색한 억지번역체의 중국어로 번역이 함께 진행되었다. 그런데 이후 몽골어 원문은 거의 일실되었으므로 직역체 한어 문서가 1차 자료의 역할을 하게 된다. 한편 이후 법전이나 사서의 편찬에서 이들 직역체 문서를 그대로 가져다 쓰는 것이 아니라 어느 정도든 고쳐쓰기가 이루어지게 되는데, 이러한 고쳐쓰기는 대체로 문언화의 경향이 있으므로이글에서는 ‘문역(文譯：문언문으로의 번역)’이라 한다. 현존하는 모든 직역문, 그리고 그에 대응하는 문역문을 고찰할 수는 없는 것이므로, 이글에서는 《원전장(元典章)》에서 〈참적(站赤)〉과 〈포랍(捕獵)〉 부분의 직역문을 대상으로 하여 후대 문서에서 동일 기사에 대응하는 문역문을 비교한 것이다. 이를 통해 1차 사료로서 직역문의 중요성, 그리고 사서의 기록에서 생략된 문구가 가져올 수 있는 오류 가능성 등에 대해 살펴볼 수 있다. 아울러 원대나 원명교체기와 같이 직역문을 직접 접했을 사람들도 직역체 한어에 대해 잘 못 이해하였을 가능성을 볼 수 있으며, 현대 학자들이 직역체 한어 문장을 볼 때 극히 신중해야 함을 지적하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The research object of this article is the Chinese scripts literal translation of the Mongolian documents in the Yuan Dynasty. The rewriting of Chinese literal translation characters, whether it is to maintain the simple modification of the literal translation style, or to translate into spoken Chinese or even Chinese classics, it may happen that the original meaning is not changed or the original intention is damaged to varying degrees. How the actual situation has never been verified by scholars. The most primitive first-hand historical materials should be the most accurate and reliable. However, the Yuan Dynasty Mongolian scripts documents have been lost, and its direct translation of Chinese has become the primary research object of Yuan history. Scholars in the Yuan Dynasty or the Yuan and Ming transitional period, especially those who have contact to the literal translation, are responsible for this kind of work. For example, scholars who actually engage in or supervise the translation of Mongolian literal translation into Chinese, and then incorporate it into books, can they correctly understand the documents processed and perform accurate editing work? The most primitive surviving Chinese literal translation documents of the Yuan Dynasty, Was it still faithful to the literal translation of the Yuan dynasty in the process of translation and modification into Chinese classicalization, and when it was rewritten and incorporated into the History of Yuan (Yuanshi) in the early Ming Dynasty? Or have different degrees of deviation been produced? I limited my research to two aspects: post station (the so-called “站赤Jamči” by Yuan Mongolian people) and hunting. There are two reasons for this: First, the post system and falconry received considerable attention by the Yuan government. The second is that the relevant information in these two areas is relatively concentrated. The material is limited to the literal translations seen in the three volumes of Statutes of the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan DianZhang). Of the 125 documents in the three volumes of Jamči and Falcon Hunting in the Yuan DianZhang, 66 contained literal translations. Only seventeen of these literal translations were later translated into classical Chinese and compiled into the History of Yuan. After comparing and researching the above literatures, I found that in the early Ming Dynasty, historian did not have a careful and cautious attitude towards the historical data resources held by them. No wonder the Qing Confucian criticized the historian for writing the History of Yuan in the early Ming Dynasty. It’s not groundless. To review the detailed differences between literal translation and text translation, you must have a thorough understanding of literal translation. The simplification of historical documents has lost important information on historical examinations, and literal translations are undoubtedly closer to the original historical data. When using “History of Yuan” to study Yuan history, we should check Yuan DianZhang, Only then can we know the true history.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 한글제요
• Ⅰ. 引言
• Ⅱ. 現存直譯文和文譯文對應情況
• Ⅲ. 有文譯，未進入《元史》者
• Ⅳ. 有文譯，已進入《元史》者
• Ⅴ. 整理和結語
• 內容提要
• Abstract