Open die forging consists of upsetting and several cogging processes during which internal voids and segregations are removed. Inner voids which are generated during the casting process can be one of the cause of critical defects in final product. So ...
Open die forging consists of upsetting and several cogging processes during which internal voids and segregations are removed. Inner voids which are generated during the casting process can be one of the cause of critical defects in final product. So it is important to establish the standard of judgment for void closure in upsetting. The size difference between the large ingot and the real-scale void requires hundreds of elements for FE simulation to depict the defect formation that it is impractical in calculation time with this approach. The newly developed multiple scale method is adopted for FE simulation, which is reasonable in calculation time and can visualize void evolution during upsetting process.