중국 자연보호구의 보전관리체계에 관한 연구 = Study on the Conservation Management System of China’s Natural Reserve

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Management System of China’s Natural Reserve


Zhang Yao

Department of Landscape Architecture
The Graduate School
Pusan National University

Abstract

With China's natural reserves as the research object, this paper makes an investigation on the legal system (current laws, regulations, other relevant laws and international treaties) and the management system (history, classification, organization, personnel, funds, main management work), and provides exercisable basic data for the conservation management of protected areas.
First of all, this paper analyzes the legal system. According to the legal regulations of article 24 and article 26 of Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1954), several laws have been enacted in succession, such as Environment Law (1989) which is the basic law of environmental protection, Regulations of Natural Reserves (1994) which is the basic law of natural reserves, Land Management Methods of Natural Reserves(1995) which is a law made to strengthen the management of land utilization of natural reserves, and the laws and regulations related to natural reserves of all provinces, cities and counties.
The first natural reserve of China is Guangdong Dinghu Mountain Natural Reserve established in 1956. By the end of 2011, 2640 natural reserves (including 335 national natural reserves) have been established throughout the country with a total area of 149.71 million hectares which occupies about 15% of national territorial area. The Ministry of Environmental Protection is an integrated management department of natural reserves. The competent departments include the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Living Buildings and the Academy of science. At the same time, the competent departments implement coordinated management with the local people's government. The administrative staff are civil servants; The jurisdiction is in the charge of Public Security Bureau(PSB); The national finance and the income of natural reserves are the main financial resources. The landownership is national ownership or collective ownership. Except for the public security staff, a natural reserve is equipped with 11~51 staff. Visitors are allowed to enter into the natural reserves by tickets or freely. In 1991, the State Council set up the system of examination and approval for national natural reserves. In 1999, the "Review Committee Organization and Working System of National Natural Reserves" was established.
The development process of China's natural reserves is divided into the following five phases. In the initial phase (1956-1965), about 20 natural reserves were established; In the lag phase (1966-1978), a part of the natural reserves were destroyed under the influence of the Great Cultural Revolution; In the development phase (1979-1998), a normative legal system began to appear after the reform and opening up; In the leap phase (1999-2006), the number and areas of natural reserves increased dramatically; In the stable phase (since 2007), the protection and restoration of the ecological environment has been implemented, and the supervision and management has been strengthened.
China has established natural reserves of national level, provincial level, municipal level and county level according to law. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves, and natural relic reserves which can be redivided into nine categories.
The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1958 natural reserves which accounts for 74.2% of the total natural reserves in China. Among them, there are 251(74.9)national natural reserves which are more than those national natural reserves in the charge of any other department. Thus it can be seen that the Ministry of Environmental Protection is an integrated management department. However, the Ministry of Forestry is in charge of the largest number of natural reserves.
In China, there are 1384 natural reserves (52.4%) which have set up management institutions. 1702 natural reserves (64.47%) are equipped with management staff with a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions. On average, a natural reserve is equipped with 23 management staff and a national natural reserve is equipped with 51 management staff. Thus it can be seen that the higher level of natural reserve is, the more management staff are provided. The ratio of administrative staff and technical staff is about 3:1.
In the 1990s, China's natural reserves began to try out the small-scale investment of "community co-management mode". Since 1995, the pilot projects in five provinces have been launched with the support of foreign funds. In 2004, the Central Ministry of Finance passed the "eco-compensation fund" system, providing fund support for the sustainable development of natural reserves.
The largest fund sources of China's natural reserves are provided by the central or the local government. In 2005, the fund sources of natural reserves in the charge of the Ministry of Forestry consisted of central finance, local finance, market economic income, social funds, etc, which amounted to a total of 514.5 million yuan. From the perspective of simple calculation, a natural reserve can obtain a budget of 262,768 yuan. From the perspective of academic research conclusions, per square kilometer of a natural reserve can obtain a budget of 337-718 yuan. The shortage of funds is a big problem needing to be solved urgently in the future.
Through studying the legal system and the management system of China's natural reserves, this paper provides basic data for the conservation management of protected areas. In China, laws and management materials about natural reserves are very few, and the problem analysis of the protected areas is more or less insufficient. At present, there are also many issues such as the legislation of natural reserves which need to be solved urgently. Through the phasic research on the natural reserves in China, it is expected that China can have more effective management over the protected areas in future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• 제1장 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
• 제2장 연구 방법 4
• 1. 연구 범위 4
• 2. 조사 및 분석 방법 7
• 제3장 결과 및 고찰 9
• 1. 중국자연보호구의 법체계 9
• 1) 중화인민공화국 헌법 10
• 2) 중화인민공화국 환경보호법 11
• 3) 중화인민공화국 자연보호구 조례 13
• 4) 자연보호구 토지 관리 방법 16
• 5) 국제 관련 협약 19
• 6) 법체계의 과제 22
• 2. 중국자연보호구의 관리체계 23
• 1) 역사 23
• 2) 법적인 분류 32
• 3) 관리조직 및 인원 39
• 4) 주요 관리사업 52
• 5) 예산 63
• 6) 관리체계의 과제 65
• 결론 67
• □인용문헌 69
• □부록 1. 「중화인민공화국 자연보호구 조례」 75
• □부록 2. 「자연보호구 토지 관리방법」 84
• □부록 3. 「자연보호구 유형과 급별의 구획 원치」 90
• □부록 4. 중국과 한국 용어비교 97
• □부록 5. 중국의 주요 보호지역 98
• □Abstract 100
• 표 목 차
• 표 1. 중국 보호지역 분류 및 정의 5
• 표 2. 「환경보호법」 중 자연보호구와 관련된 주요 법조문 13
• 표 3. 「자연보호구 조례」 중 주요 관련된 법조문 14
• 표 4. 「자연보호구 토지관리 방법」 중 주요 관련된 법조문 17
• 표 5. 「네이멍구자치구 자연보호구 실시 방법」 18
• 표 6. 중국이 가입한 중요 국제 협약 19
• 표 7. 중국 자연보호구 현황 25
• 표 8. 중국 자연보호구의 지정과정의 분류 28
• 표 9. 자연보호구의 연도별 법적·제도적 발전 현황 31
• 표 10. 자연보호구의 급별, 성별 분류(2011년 기준) 34
• 표 11. 자연보호구 유형별 분류 및 증가 현황 38
• 표 12. 각 부서별로 관리하는 자연보호구의 수량 및 면적 48
• 표 13. 급별 자연보호구 관리인원 51
• 표 14. 푸젠우이산(福建武夷山) 자연보호구 관리국 인원구성 52
• 표 15. 지역사회 공동 관리모델의 유형 60
• 표 16. 참여자의 구성에 따른 지역사회 공동 관리모델의 유형 61
• 그 림 목 차
• 그림 1. 중국지형단면도(북위32°) 4
• 그림 2. 연구의 흐름도 7
• 그림 3. 생물권보전지역 모델도 22
• 그림 4. 광동딩후산(廣東鼎湖山) 국가급자연보호구 24
• 그림 5. 중국 자연보호구의 연도별 추이 27
• 그림 6. 중국 국가급 자연보호구 배심 위원회 업무 절차 35
• 그림 7. 자연보호구와 관련된 국가기구 시스템 40
• 그림 8. 일반적인 자연보호구의 조직도 42
• 그림 9. 안후이승진후(安徽升金湖) 국가급 자연보호구 조직 43
• 그림 10. 안후이승진후(安徽升金湖) 국가급 자연보호구 44
• 그림 11. 쟝시우이산(江西武夷山) 국가급 자연보호구 45
• 그림 12. 쟝시우이산(江西武夷山) 국가급 자연보호구 조직 46
• 그림 13. 각 부서 전국 자연보호구 및 국가급 자연보호구 관리 비율도 47
• 그림 14. 급별 관리조직 현황 49
• 그림 15. 부서별로 자연보호구 관리기구 조직현황 50
• 그림 16. 자연보호구 자원 구획도 53
• 그림 17. 중국 자연보호구의 ‘지역사회공동관리모델’ 발전과정도 57