Case Report on Flood Disasters in 20th-Century Korea: Focusing on the Dongjin-River and Imjin-River Basins

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

(1) In the East Asian region, the monsoon season characterized by a long rainy spell (jangma 장마 in Korean; baiu 梅雨 in Japanese) from early summer, and followed by typhoon 颱風 (taepung in Korean; taifū in Japanese) has caused tremendous disasters. (2) In the same way as Japan and China, Korea has also suffered from recurring floods caused by a concentration of rainfall and flood inundation during the summer seasons. Remarkably, recent floods have tended to be-come more severe and long-term due to recent global climate changes. (3) Historically, flood disasters on the Korean Peninsula occurring principally around the lower reaches of the great rivers have frequented the richest rice cultivation areas (Honam Plain 湖南平野) of the southern part as well as the inland area of the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. (4) This study examines the first case of the lower Dongjin-river basin as an endemic flood area in the center of Honam Plain, and the second case of the Imjin & Hant’an-river basins in the middle of the Korean Peninsula. While the first case area has been affected by intensive agricultural and water-control projects since the early Japanese colonial rule in Korea, the second case area has remained a backwater region of dry-field agriculture, long isolated from local development projects. (5) This study aims to explain the vicious cycle of local development and natural disasters in the context of the growing population (urbanization) in the twentieth century through the cases culled from Korea.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 정승진, "湖南 東津水利組合 사업의 전개과정 －지역 농민의 존재형태를 중심으로－" 고려사학회 (79) : 265-305, 2020

2 "Yeoncheon, Paju, Cheorwon deung sangseup suhae jeopgyeong jiyeok ‘teukseong dosi’ daedaejeok gaebal 연천·파주·철원등 상습수해 접경지역 ‘특성도시’ 대대적 개발 (‘Characteristic Towns’to be Extensively Developed in the Flood-Endemic Border Areas, such as Yeoncheon, Paju, and Cheorwon)"

3 "Yeoncheon suhae jiyeok bangmun, jeongbu bokgu daechaek chugung 연천 수해지역 방문, 정부 복구대책 추궁 (Visit to the Flood-Affected Area in Yeoncheon and Inquiry on the Government Measures for Recovery)"

4 "Yeoncheon pihae jumin sonbaeso 연천 피해주민 손배소 (Victim Residing in Yeoncheon Goes to Lawsuit for Damages)"

5 마츠모토다케노리, "WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS AND FLOODS/ DROUGHTS IN COLONIAL KOREA: THE CASE OF THE MAN’GYŎNG RIVER IN THE HONAM PLAIN" 한국학연구원 20 (20): 173-193, 2017

6 Imamura Naraomi 今村奈良臣, "Tochi kairyō hyakunenshi 土地改良百年史 (One Hundred Years History of Land Improvement)" Heibonsha 130-131, 1977

7 "Suwonji imya-ui hwangpye, chisu-e jungdae yeonghyang 水源池林野의 荒廢, 治水에 重大影響 (Desolation of Forests and Plains Have Serious Effects on Flood Control)"

8 Bak Yeonggu 박영구, "Suri johap jeongni gwajeong eseo natanan Joseon Chongdokbu gyeongje jeongchaek ui seonggyeok yeongu: Gyeonggi-do Jinam Suri Johap sarye 수리조합 정리과정에서 나타난 조선총독부 경제정책의 성격 연구: 京畿道 津南水利組合 사례 (A Study on the Characteristics of Economic Policies by the Government-General of Joseon in the Process of Closing Down Irrigation Associations: The Case of Jinnam Irrigation Association, Gyeonggi Province)" 28 (28): 883-904, 1991

9 "Suhae daechaek heojeom chugung: Gingeup sojip gukhoe naemuwi pyojeong, dwitbuk daepiryeong, neutjang guho, ttakkeumhan jilchaek, Imjingang sugye gwalli Nam-Buk hyeomnyeok chokgu-do 수해대책 허점 추궁: 긴급소집 국회 내무위 표정, 뒷북 대피령, 늦장 救護, 따끔한 질책, 임진강 水系관리 남북협력 촉구도 (Inquiring into the Flaws of the Flood Countermeasures: Countenance of the Home Affairs Committee at the Emergency Congress, Belated Evacuation Orders, Sluggish Relief, Harsh Rebukes, and Demands for North-South Cooperation to Manage the Water System)"

10 "Sudogwon mullalli heosurhan subang chegye, amuri danghaedo ‘kkeutteok anneun’ sugye gwalli 수도권 물난리 허술한 水防체계, 아무리 당해도 ‘끄떡 않는’ 水系관리 (Flood in the Metropolitan Area, Lax Flood-Prevention System, and ‘Unbudging’ Water System Management However Suffered)"

11 McNeill, J. R., "Something New Under the Sun:An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World" W. W. Norton & Company 54-, 2000

12 박순열, "Social Conflicts and Hegemonic Articulation on the Saemangeum Reclamation Project in South Korea" 사회발전연구소 44 (44): 1-27, 2015

13 "Siwijeog undong-eun bulga 示威的 運動은 不可 (Any Demonstrations Are Not Allowed)"

14 Takenori Matsumoto 松本武祝, "Shokuminchi Chōsen ni okeru nōgyō yōsui kaihatsu to suiri chitsujyo no kaihen: Mangyongang ryūiki wo taishō toshite 植民地朝鮮における農業用水開発と水利秩序の改編: 万頃江流域を対象として (Agricultural Water Development and Reorganization of the Irrigation System in the Colonial Period Joseon: On Mangyeong River Basin)" 41 : 148-161, 2003

15 "Seoule eulchuk daehongsu, ajikdo kkaejiji anneun 753mm jipjung hou girok (The Great Flood of Eulchuk Year in Seoul, the Still Unsurpassed Record of 753 mm Heavy Rain)"

16 Nongnimbu 농림부 (Ministry of Agriculture), "Saemangeum saeop chongnam 새만금사업총람 (Conspectus of Saemangeum Project)" 75-82, 2002

17 "Ol jangma ‘52-il’ yeokdae choejanggi 올 장마 ‘52日’歷代 最長期 (This year’s rain spell is ‘52 days,’ the longest in history)"

18 Ministry of Construction 건설부, "Mangyeonggang hacheon jeongbi gibon gyehoek 만경강하천정비기본계획 (Basic Plans for Mangyeong River Improvement)" 36-37, 1976

19 "Mangyeong-gang jinjeong-wiwon giseonghoe ibseong 萬頃江期成會, 陳情委員入城 (The Mangyeong River Standing Committee Members Entered Gyeongseong)"

20 "Jungbu gotgot-e mullalli 中部 곳곳에 물난리 (Flood Everywhere in Central Region)"

21 "Jipjung hou ro geosen mullalli: Jungbu jibang gaok chimsu, gyotong tongsin dujeol, Yeoncheon 500mm ro choego 集中豪雨로 거센 물난리: 中部地方 家屋 침수, 交通通信 두절, 漣川 500mm로 最高 (Violent flood by heavy rain: Houses submerged, transportation and telecommunication interrupted in the central region, and Yeoncheon records the highest rainfall of 500mm)"

22 "Jimoto tanen-no yōbō Dongjin-gang kaishū kōji 地元多年の要望東津江改修工事 (The Tongjin River Improvement Project as a Desire of the Local People for Many Years)"

23 "Jeonbugdocheonge swaedohan yugcheonmyeong nongmin 全北道廳에 殺到한 六千名 農民 (Six thousand Peasants Rushed into the North Jeolla Provincial Office)"

24 "Jeon Joseon surijohap silsa Imjin-myeon sujo, Jinnam sujo: jeon Joseonui sujo jung cheonjae mankiro jeil, maenyeon (jaehae bokgu) gongsaro gyeongyeongnane ppajeo 全朝鮮水利組合實査 臨津面水組, 津南水組: 全朝鮮의 水組 中 天災 많기로 第一, 매년 (재해복구)공사로 경영난에 빠져 (Imjin-myeon and Jinnam Irrigation Associations in On-site Surveys for the Entire Joseon Irrigation Associations: No. 1 in Being Prone to Natural Disasters among the Irrigation Associations in the Entire Joseon, and in Financial Difficulties because of Restoration Works Every Year)"

25 "Imjingang chisu saeop 25-nyeon jjae ‘jiljil’: 1972-nyeon sijakhan jebang chukjo, yesan bujok euro gongjeongnyul 72% meomuleo 임진강 치수사업 25년째 ‘질질’: 1972년 시작한 제방축조, 예산부족으로 공정률 72% 머물러 (Water Management Project for Imjin River Dragged on for 25 Years: The Embankment Construction Which Began in 1972 Remains Only 72% Done due to Budget Shortage)"

26 Yi Uhyeong 이우형, "Ilje singminji jeon-hu Yeoncheon ui byeonhwa wa siryeon:Yeoncheon-eup sinsigaji reul jungsim euro 일제식민지 전후 漣川의 변화와 시련: 漣川邑 新市街地를 중심으로 (Changes and Trials for Yeoncheon around the Japanese Colonial Period: Focusing on the New Town Area of Yeoncheon-eup)" 2020

27 "Igsan gimje lyang gunmin subaegmyeong dongwon mangyeong-gang jebang eul pagoe 益山 金堤 兩郡民 數百名動員 萬頃江堤防을 破壞 (Some Hundreds of People from Iksan and Gimje County were Mobilized and Destroyed the Mangyeong River Embankment)"

28 "Ibeon jangma neun ‘gihu wigi’ sijagil ppun, imgyejeom 4-nyeon namatda 이번 장마는 ‘기후위기’ 시작일 뿐, 임계점 4년 남았다 (This rain spell is only the beginning of the “climate crisis.” We only have 4 years till the critical point)"

29 "Hantangang jeungsu 漢灘江 增水 (Swelling Water in Hantan River)"

30 Geonseol Gyotongbu 건설교통부 (Ministry of Construction and Transportation), "Hantangang daem gibbon gyehoek bogoseo 한탄강댐 기본계획보고서 (Basic Plan for Hantangang Dam)" 2006

31 "Hacheon, jebang gwalli ‘wonchojeok busil,’ suhae ttae mada ‘ttaemjil’ bosu man: Imjin, Hantangang jicheon gaebosu ‘mal ppun,’ susimnyeon gan ‘yesan bujok’ taryeong aksunhwan 하천·제방 관리 ‘원초적 부실’, 水害 때마다 ‘땜질’보수만: 임진·한탄강 支川 개보수 ‘말뿐’, 수십년간 ‘예산부족’타령 악순환 (River Embankment Management ‘Primarily Deficient,’ Only ‘Stopgap’Repairs in Every Flood Disaster: Renovation of Imjin and Hantan Rivers are ‘Only in Words,’ in the Vicious Cycle of Reiterating “Short Budget” for Decades)"

32 "Gyeonggi pogu inmyeong pihae 96-nyeon 16-bae 경기폭우 인명피해 96년 16배 (Heavy Rain Casualties in Gyeonggi Province 16 Times of Those in 1996)"

33 "Gugaemyeonui ocheonmini jeonlabugdocheonge swaedohaladeun daejangchon bugeun nongminsodong sangbo 九個面의 五千民이 전라북도청에 쇄도하라든 대장촌부근 농민소동 詳報(A Detail Report on the Peasant Riot near Daejangchon-village, Where Five Thousands of People from Nine Sub-counties Have Rushed to the Jeollabuk-do Provincial Office)"

34 "Eulchuk-nyeon irae-ui chambyeon: Hangangbyeon mansinchangi 乙丑年以來의 慘變: 漢江邊滿身瘡痍 (The Catastrophe since the Eulchuk Year: Devastation throughout the Shores of Han River)"

35 Ministry of Construction 건설부, "Dongjingang hacheon jeongbi gibon gyehoek 동진강하천정비기본계획 (Basic Plans for Dongjin River Improvement)" 65-73, 1979

36 Hisama, Kenichi 久間健一, "Chōsen nōgyō keiei chitai no kenkyū 朝鮮農業經營地帶の硏究 (A Study of Agricultural Management Area in Joseon)" Nōgyō Sōgō Kenkyū Kankōkai 351-358, 1946

37 Chōsen Sōtokufu 朝鮮總督府, "Chōsen kasen chōsasho (huhyō) 朝鮮河川調査書(附表)(Survey of Rivers of Joseon [Appendixes])"

38 Chōsen Sōtokufu 朝鮮總督府, "Chōsen chokkatsu kasen kōshi nenpo 朝鮮直轄河川工事年報(Annual Report of Construction Works for the Rivers under the Direct Management in Joseon)" Chōsen Sōtokufu 23-, 1937

39 Chōsen Sōtokufu 朝鮮總督府, "Chōsen Sōtokufu shisei nenpō 朝鮮總督府施政年報 (Government-General of Joseon’s Annual Administrative Report)" 1940

40 "Busirhan jebang gwalli, suma bulleotda: Gunso hacheon iyu 20-yeo-nyeon gan bogang gongsa han beon an hae, Chatancheon beomnam mageul su eopseonna 부실한 제방관리, 水魔 불렀다: 群小河川 이유 20여 년간 보강공사 한 번 안 해, 車灘川 범람 막을 수 없었나 (Poor Embankment Management Invited Flood Disaster: Not a Single Reinforcement Work Has Been Done for More than 20 Years, for Being Minor Rivers. Could not the Inundation of Chatan Stream Have Been Prevented?)"

41 Gotō Akira 後藤晃, "Ajia shakai to mizu: Ajia ga kakaeru gendai no mizu mondai アジア社會と水: アジアが抱える現代の水問題 (Asian Society and Water: Current Water Problems in Asia)" Bunshindō 2018

42 "1935, improvement works were carried out in the upper basin of the same river. See Dongjin Nongji Gaeryang Johap 東津農地改良組合, Dongjin Nongji Gaeryang Johap Osimnyeonsa 東津農地改良組合五十年史 (Fifty-Year History of Dongjin Farmland Improvement Association)" Dongjin Nongj Gaeryang Johap 331-, 1937

43 박성섭, "1930년대 중후반 일제의 수리조합 정책을 통한 농촌통제 강화" 한국독립운동사연구소 (60) : 249-283, 2017

44 "13-man nongmin gwangye-ui Dongjingang gaesu munje 13만 농민관계의 동진강 개수 문제"

45 "13-man nongmin gwangye-ui Dongjingang gaesu munje (6) 13만 농민관계의 동진강 개수 문제 (6) (The Issue of Dongjin River Improvement in Concern for 130,000 Peasants (6))"