Law's impunity : responsibility and the modern private military company

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = vii
• Abbreviations = xvii
• Table of Cases = xix
• Table of Instruments and Legislation = xxv
• Introduction = 1
• 1. Law's Impunity = 9
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 9
• Ⅱ. The Contested Concept of Impunity = 11
• Ⅲ. The Passive and Active Dimensions of Legal Impunity = 14
• Ⅳ. Passive Impunity : Structural Characteristics of the Ordinary Legal Process = 17
• A. Compartmentalisation of Law = 18
• B. Impunity Through the Juridification of War = 22
• C. Impunity within the `Dark Sides' of Law = 24
• D. The Irresponsibility of Law = 26
• E. Impunity within the Multifarious Character of Responsibility = 27
• F. Law's Denial : Determining Damage, Injury and Wrong = 44
• G. Law's Assertion : Legitimacy, Legality and Rightfulness = 47
• Ⅴ. Active Impunity : Legal Exceptionalism = 50
• A. Pardon, Amnesty and Immunity = 51
• B. International Humanitarian Law = 62
• C. States of Exception = 65
• Ⅵ. Conclusion = 66
• 2. The Modern Private Military Company = 68
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 68
• Ⅱ. A Contemporary Overview of the Modern Private Military Company = 69
• Ⅲ. Impunity for Private Military Company Involvement in Atrocities = 73
• A. Perpetration and Collusion in Torture : Abu Ghraib Prison = 74
• B. Indiscriminate and Disproportionate Use of Force : Iraq = 76
• C. Sex-Trafficking and Prostitution Rings : Bosnia = 82
• Ⅳ. The Question of Accountability = 84
• Ⅴ. Modern Private Military Company : Criminal Enterprise or Legitimate Business? = 89
• Ⅵ. Watchguard International : The Conception of the Modern Private Military Company = 93
• Ⅶ. Historical Pressure Towards Military Privatisation = 96
• Ⅷ. Contemporary Trends and Future Trajectories Towards Military Privatisation = 100
• Ⅸ. Towards a Definition and Typology for the Modern Private Military Company = 103
• A. Existing Typologies for the Private Military Company Industry = 106
• B. One-Dimensional Typologies = 107
• C. Official Typologies = 111
• D. Two-Dimensional Typologies = 113
• Ⅹ. Proposed Typology : Segregating Civilian and Military Corporations on the Principle of Distinction = 115
• A. Adapting the Principle of Distinction = 117
• B. The Severity of Harm Dimension : Control and Exercise of Violence = 118
• C. The Proximity of Harm Dimension : Direct Participation in Hostilities = 120
• D. Combining the Revised Typology = 121
• XI. Conclusion = 121
• 3. Law's Failure to Marginalise and Criminalise Mercenary Activity = 123
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 123
• Ⅱ. Maritime Piracy : Hostes Humani Generis = 127
• Ⅲ. Soldiers of (Mis-) Fortune : A Brief Historical Background of Mercenary Activity = 131
• Ⅳ. The Pejorative Status of Mercenaries = 134
• Ⅴ. The Moral Mercenary and the Problem of Differentiating Organised Violence = 139
• A. Motivational Objections = 140
• B. Armed Reluctance Objections = 143
• Ⅵ. Mercenaries and Mercenarism in the Law = 146
• A. The Definitional Impasse = 147
• B. The Departure in Definitional Approach = 151
• C. Different Definitions = 154
• Ⅶ. International Humanitarian Law and the Marginalisation of Mercenaries = 156
• A. The Laws of Neutrality and the Hague Conventions = 157
• B. Geneva Law and Belligerency Status = 162
• Ⅷ. The international Crime of Mercenarism? = 168
• A. Momentum towards Criminalising Mercenarism = 169
• B. The Luanda Crucible of the International Conventions Criminalising Mercenarism = 172
• C. An International Crime of Mercenarism? = 178
• D. Mercenarism and the Crime of Aggression = 179
• Ⅸ. Conclusion = 182
• 4. Passive Private Military Company Impunity = 184
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 184
• Ⅱ. The Path to Corporate Juridical Personhood = 186
• A. Interpretive Denial for the PMC arising from its Corporate Juridical Personhood = 192
• B. Interpretive Assertion for the PMC arising from its Corporate Juridical Personhood = 193
• Ⅲ. Passive Impunity for the PMC Under Contract Law = 194
• A. Freedom of Contract and its Consequences = 197
• B. Doctrine of Privity and its Limitations = 200
• C. Direct Enforcement by Contractual Parties = 202
• D. Limitations of Third-Party Enforcement = 204
• E. The Horizontality of Contract : Equal and Independent Parties = 206
• F. Contract's Creation and Legitimation = 206
• G. Relative Equality of Contractual Parties : State and Command Responsibility = 208
• H. The Indifference of Contract Law = 211
• I. Inadequacy of Contractual Remedies = 213
• J. Denial Through Contract Law? = 216
• Ⅳ. Passive Impunity : jus ad Bellum and Corporate Aggression = 217
• A. The Prohibition of the Use of Force = 220
• B. Acts of Aggression and the Crime of Aggression = 225
• Ⅴ. Passive Impunity Generated by the Doctrine of Command Responsibility = 226
• A. The Doctrine of Command Responsibility = 229
• B. Internal Command Responsibility within PMCs = 235
• C. External Command Responsibility = 238
• D. Superior Responsibility in PMC Regulation = 239
• Ⅵ. Conclusion : The Perpetuation of Passive Private Military Company Impunity = 241
• 5. Active Private Military Company Impunity = 245
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 245
• Ⅱ. Active Impunity from Criminal Law : Societas Delinquere Non Potest = 246
• A. International Criminal Law and the Juridical Person = 249
• B. In the Docket of the United States Federal Courts = 255
• C. Active Impunity : Suspension of US Criminal Law for the PMC = 256
• Ⅲ. Active Impunity : Foreclosing Civil Remedies = 263
• A. The Alien Tort Claims Act 1789 = 265
• B. Corporate Liability Under ATCA = 269
• C. Distinguishing Direct Perpetration by PMCs from the Corporate Complicity Jurisprudence Under ATCA = 273
• D. State Action Requirement = 277
• E. An Overview of Active Impunity Under ATCA = 280
• F. PMCs Under ATCA = 282
• G. Overcoming Active Impunity Under ATCA? = 286
• H. Broadening and Deepening Active Impunity : The Supreme Court Decision in Kiobel = 288
• I. Torture Victims Protection Act 1991 = 292
• Ⅳ. Conclusion : Active Private Military Company Impunity and Interpretative Denial Revisited = 295
• 6. The Future of Private Military Impunity = 298
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 298
• Ⅱ. Regulation of PMCs on the International Plane = 300
• A. Irresponsible Regulation : Neglecting the Temporal Dimension of Responsibility = 301
• B. The Path to Self-regulation in the United Kingdom = 305
• C. The Montreux Document Process = 308
• D. International Code of Conduct = 312
• E. ICoC Draft Charter and Association = 315
• F. International Law Mechanisms : The UN Working Group Draft Convention = 318
• G. International Law Mechanisms : The UN Intergovernmental Working Group = 321
• Ⅲ. Incentivising Robust Self-Regulation = 323
• A. Collective Responsibility of Self-regulatory Bodies = 324
• Ⅳ. The Future of Impunity in PMC Regulation = 327
• A. The Future of PMC Impunity : Repetition of Existing Regulatory Problems = 328
• B. The Future of PMC Impunity : Regulatory Content and Contortion = 330
• C. The Future of PMC Impunity : Regulatory Competition and Capture = 331
• D. The Future of PMC Impunity : Composition and Competence of the Regulators = 333
• E. The Future of PMC Impunity : Compliance and Consequence of Regulation = 334
• Ⅴ. Conclusion = 335
• 7. Conclusion = 337
• Selected Bibliography = 342
• Index = 362