노로바이러스 감염의 최신 지견 = Recent advances in norovirus infection

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Norovirus (NoV) infections are an important cause of epidemic and sporadic viral gastroenteritis and a major cause of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. NoV is characterized by genetic diversity, frequent mutations, and stability in a wide range of external environmental conditions. In recent years, a number of major advances that could overcome technical barriers have been made. The complex mechanisms of NoV pathogenesis and persistent infection involving interactions between the virus and the host immune system are being delineated. Human histo-blood group antigens, receptors for NoV attachment, play an important role in infection, which makes this interaction a critical target for the development of anti-NoV drugs. A number of vaccine candidates, chiefly based on virus-like particles, have entered phase 2 clinical development, and increasing efforts are being made to develop antiviral drugs. This review presents the current understanding of NoV immunology, epidemiology, therapeutic options, and vaccine development.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Tan M, "The p domain of norovirus capsid protein forms a subviral particle that binds to histo-blood group antigen receptors" 79 : 14017-14030, 2005

2 Weerawarna PM, "Structure-based design and synthesis of triazole-based macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus protease: Structural, biochemical, spectroscopic, and antiviral studies" 119 : 300-318, 2016

3 Muhaxhiri Z, "Structural basis of substrate specificity and protease inhibition in Norwalk virus" 87 : 4281-4292, 2013

4 Croci R, "Structural bases of norovirus RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibition by novel suramin-related compo-unds" 9 : e91765-, 2014

5 Desai R, "Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review" 55 : 189-193, 2012

6 Ettayebi K, "Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids" 353 : 1387-1393, 2016

7 Arness MK, "Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis outbreak in U.S. Army trainees" 6 : 204-207, 2000

8 Atmar RL, "Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk Virus illness" 365 : 2178-2187, 2011

9 Bernstein DI, "Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults" 211 : 870-878, 2015

10 Baldridge MT, "Norovirus regulation by host and microbe" 22 : 1047-1059, 2016

11 Schwartz S, "Norovirus gastroenteritis causes severe and lethal complications after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation" 117 : 5850-5856, 2011

12 Ali ES, "Norovirus drug candidates that inhibit viral capsid attachment to human histo-blood group antigens" 133 : 14-22, 2016

13 Lee S, "Norovirus cell tropism is determined by combinatorial action of a viral non-structural protein and host cytokine" 22 : 449-459, 2017

14 Payne DC, "Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children" 368 : 1121-1130, 2013

15 Blazevic V, "Norovirus VLPs and rotavirus VP6 protein as combined vac-cine for childhood gastroenteritis" 29 : 8126-8133, 2011

16 Robilotti E, "Norovirus" 28 : 134-164, 2015

17 Kim SH, "Newcastle disease virus vector producing human norovirus-like particles induces serum, cellular, and mucosal immune responses in mice" 88 : 9718-9727, 2014

18 이성근, "Molecular epidemiology of norovirus in South Korea" 생화학분자생물학회 48 (48): 61-67, 2015

19 Kocher J, "Intranasal P particle vaccine provided partial cross-variant protection against human GII.4 norovirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs" 88 : 9728-9743, 2014

20 Nice TJ, "Interferon-λ cures persistent murine norovirus infection in the absence of adaptive immunity" 347 : 269-273, 2015

21 Vashist S, "Identification of RNA-protein interaction networks involved in the norovi-rus life cycle" 86 : 11977-11990, 2012

22 de Graaf M, "Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world" 14 : 421-433, 2016

23 Chan MC, "Global spread of norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 308, 2014-2016" 23 : 1359-1354, 2017

24 Ahmed SM, "Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 14 : 725-730, 2014

25 Khan RR, "Gastrointestinal norovi-rus infection associated with exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease" 48 : 328-333, 2009

26 Jones MK, "Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells" 346 : 755-759, 2014

27 Han TH, "Emergence of norovirus GII-4/2008 variant and recombinant strains in Seoul, Korea" 156 : 323-329, 2011

28 Hall AJ, "Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC. Vital signs: foodborne norovirus outbreaks: United States, 2009-2012" 63 : 491-495, 2014

29 Orchard RC, "Discovery of a proteinaceous cellular recep-tor for a norovirus" 353 : 933-936, 2016

30 Han TH, "Detection of norovirus genogroup IV, klassevirus, and pepper mild mottle virus in sewage samples in South Korea" 159 : 457-463, 2014

31 Chung JY, "Detection of GII-4/2006b variant and recombinant noroviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis, South Korea" 82 : 146-152, 2010

32 Jin Z, "Biochemical evaluation of the inhibition properties of favipiravir and 2'-C-methyl-cytidine triphosphates against human and mouse norovirus RNA polymerases" 59 : 7504-7516, 2015

33 Bucardo F, "Asymptomatic norovirus infections in Nicaraguan children and its association with viral prope-rties and histo-blood group antigens" 29 : 934-939, 2010

34 Vinje J., "Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus" 53 : 373-381, 2015

35 Guo L, "A recombinant adenovirus prime-virus-like particle boost regimen elicits effective and specific immunities against norovirus in mice" 27 : 5233-5238, 2009

36 Treanor JJ, "A novel intramuscular bivalent norovirus virus-like parti-cle vaccine candidate: reactogenicity, safety, and immuno-genicity in a phase 1 trial in healthy adults" 210 : 1763-1771, 2014