한국(韓國)에서의 벼 잎집무늬마름병 발생변동(發生變動)에 관(關)한 생태학적(生態學的) 연구(硏究) = Ecological Studies on the Transition of Sheath Blight of Rice in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In an attempt to obtain a basic information to develop an effective integrated system of controlling sheath blight of rice in Korea, the transition of this disease, the variation of cultural characters and pathogenicity of the pathogen, environmental conditions affecting the disease outbreak and varietal resistance have been investigated. 1. Rice sheath blight which has been minor disease in the past was widely spread, especially since 1971. This disease has promptly spread all over the country and infected 65.2% of total rice growing area in 1976. Various factors are considered to be related to such transition of this disease. Above all, increace of application of nitrogenous fertilizer, early season and earlier cultivation of rice, introduction of more susceptible "Tongil" varieties etc. must be important factors influencing the outbreak of this disease. 2. Great variations in cultural characteristics-such as mycelial growth rate, color of the medium, amount of the aerial mycelium, shape and color of the sclerotia- and in the pathogenicity of isolates of the pathogen, Thanatephorus cucumeris <Frank> Dank were observed. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth also varied with isolates, from $25^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. There were not necessarily any correlation between curtural characteristics and pathogenicity of isolates of Thanatephorus cucumens. 3. Mycelial grow th of isolates of Thanatephorus cucumens on the PDA medium were correlated with the air temperatures of the region where the isolates were collected. The isolates from the regions with high temperature grew well on PDA medium at $35^{\circ}C$ than those from the region with low temperature, on the other hand, the isolates from the regions with the low temperature grew well on the same medium at $12^{\circ}C$ than those from the regions with high temperature. 4. Pectin polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase (Cx) were most active on the 3rd day after inoculation on the leaves of rice plant with Thanatephorus cucumeris, whereas pectin methylestrase (PE) was most active on the 4th day after inoculation. Relationship between the activities of PE of isolates and the strength of pathogenicity of isolates was obtained, but PG and cellulase activities were not correlated with pathogenicity of isolates. 5. The tolerence of sclerotia from in-vitro culture to low temperature varied with their water content, the dried cultural sclerotia were more tolerent than wet ones, Dried cultural sclerotia maintained almost 100% germinability for 45 days at $-20^{\circ}C$, whereas wet sclerotia lost viability at $-5^{\circ}C$. The germination ratio of the sclerotia after overwintering changed from 18% to 70% according to the water content of the test paddy fields and the ratio was low in wet paddy condition. 6. To investigate the host range of this fungi in and near paddy field, 17 weeds were inoculated with fungi. The lesions of sheath blight disease was obserbed on Sagittaria trifolia L., Echinochloa crusgalli P. Beauv., Monochoria vaginal is Presl, Polygonum Hydropiper L., Eclipta prostrata L., Digitaria sanguinalis Scapoli. 7. When the level of nitrogen applied was doubled over standard level, total nitrogen content in rice sheath increased, ami when silicate was applied, starch content in rice sheath decreased, inducing the rice plants more susceptible to sheath blight disease. Increased dressing of potash ferilizer reduced the incidence of sheat blight disease. 8. The percentage of infected stems in the early period increased more in the narrow hill plot than in the wide hill plot, but in the late period this tendency was inversed; the percentage of infected stems as well as severity in the wide hill plot increased more compared to the narrow hill plot, and the disease severity in the one plant per hill plot was also low. The number of stems in the wide hill plot was more than the number of stems in the narrow hi

국문 초록 (Abstract)

한국(韓國)에 있어서 벼 잎집무늬마름병(病)의 발생변동(發生變動), 병원균(病原菌)의 배양적(培養的) 특성(特性)과 병원성(病原性), 발병환경(發病環境), 재배법(栽培法)과 발병관계(發病關係), 품종(品種)의 저항성(抵抗性) 등(等)에 관(關)하여 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 한국(韓國)에 있어서 벼 잎집무늬마름병(病)의 발생면적(發生面積)은 다비재배(多肥栽培), 조기조식재배(早期早植栽培) 및 통일계품종(統一系品種)의 확대보급등(擴大普及等)으로 인(因)하여 매년(每年) 증가(增加)되었고 특(特)히 1971년(年)부터 전국적(全國的)으로 급격(急激)히 발생면적(發生面積)이 증가(增加)되어서 1976년(年)에는 전체수도재배면적(全體水稻栽培面積)의 약 65.2%에서 본병(本病)이 발생(發生)하였다. 2. 우리나라에 분포(分布)하는 벼 잎집무늬마름병균(病菌)의 배양적(培養的) 성질(性質) 및 병원성(病原性)에는 많은 변이(變異)가 있었으며 병원균(病原菌)의 생육최적(生育最適) 온도(溫度)도 $25^{\circ}C$에서 $30^{\circ}C$사이로 균주간(菌株間)에 차이(差異)가 있었다. 한편 병원균(病原菌)의 배양적(培養的) 성질(性質)과 병원성(病原性)에는 상관관계(相關關係)가 없었다. 3. 잎집무늬마름병균(病菌)의 PDA배지상(培地上)에서의 균사생장(菌絲生長)은 채집지(採集地)의 기온(氣溫)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있었다. 즉 채집지(採集地)의 기온(氣溫)이 높은 지역(地域)의 균주(菌株)들은 기온(氣溫)이 낮은 지역(地域)의 균주(菌株)들에 비(比)해 $35^{\circ}C$ PDA배지(培地)에서 균사생장(菌絲生長)이 양호(良好)하였고 반대로 $12^{\circ}C$ PDA배지상(培地上)에서는 기온(氣溫)이 낮은 지역(地域)에서 채집(採集)한 균주(菌株)들이 기온(氣溫)이 높은 지역(地域)에서 채집(採集)한 균주(菌株)들 보다 균사생장(菌絲生長)이 양호(良好)하였다. 4. 잎집무늬마름병균(病菌)을 접종(接種)한 수도엽(水稻葉)으로부터 얻은 Pectin polygalacturonase 및 Cellulase의 역가(力價)는 접종(接種)3일(日)째에 최대(最大)였고 Pectin methylestrase의 역가(力價)는 접종(接種) 4일(日)째에 최대(最大)였으며 병원성(病原性)이 강(强)한 균주(菌株)에서는 Pectin methylestrase의 활성(活性)이 높은 경향(傾向)이었고 병원성(病原性)이 약한 균주(菌株)에서는 Pectin methylestrase의 활성(活性)이 낮은 경향(傾向)이었으나 다른 효소(酵素)들은 병원성(病原性)과 관계(關係)가 없었다. 5. 배지(培地)에 형성(形成)된 균핵(菌核)을 건조처리(乾燥處理)하였을 경우(境遇)의 저온저항성(低溫抵抗性)은 매우 강(强)하여 $-20^{\circ}C$에서도 발아력(發芽力)을 상실(喪失)치 않았으나 습윤처리(濕潤處理) 하였을 경우(境遇)에는 저항성(抵抗性)이 매우 약(弱)하여 $-5^{\circ}C$에서도 발아력(發芽力)을 상실(喪失)하였다. 포장(圃場)에서 월동(越冬)한 균핵(菌核)의 발아율(發芽率)도 답토양(沓土壤)의 건습(乾濕)에 따라 18%~70%의 차이(差異)를 나타내며 담수상태(湛水狀態)에서 월동(越冬)한 균핵(菌核)은 건조(乾燥)한 토양(土壤)에서 월동(越冬)한 균핵(菌核)보다 발아율(發芽率)이 낮았다. 6. 잡초(雜草)에 대(對)한 기생성(寄生性)을 조사(調査)하였던 바 벗풀(Sagittaria trifolia L.), 물달개비(Monochoria vaginalis Presl), 여뀌(Polygonum hydropiper L.). 피(Echinochloa crusgalli P. Beauv), 한련초(Eclipta prostrata L.), 강아지풀(Septaria viridis P. Beauv.), 좀바랭이(Digitaria s