This study explores the policy implications of "Local Arts Festivals", which are garnering attention as successful cases of regional revitalization policy, amidst the challenges of population centralization in the capital region and the depopulation a...
This study explores the policy implications of "Local Arts Festivals", which are garnering attention as successful cases of regional revitalization policy, amidst the challenges of population centralization in the capital region and the depopulation and aging of rural areas in Japan. Specifically, this study highlights that while participants of local arts festivals share the common objective of regional revitalization, they hold diverse perspectives towards this goal. Consequently, this study delves into such different interpretations of regional revitalization as perceived by the participants of local arts festivals, and analyzes the tangible impacts of these festivals on their respective regions.
This study is based on four field surveys conducted between October 2022 and March 2023. These surveys were carried out in the town of Naoshima, the central venue of the Setouchi International Art Triennale, and the city of Tokamachi, the central venue of the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennal ("Daichi no Geijutsusai"), as both festivals are recognized as successful instances of regional revitalization. Interviews were conducted with local government officials, artists, NPO officials, and local residents. In the case of Naoshima, a comprehensive survey was conducted across all 50 local restaurants present at the time of the survey. For Tokamachi, an extensive analysis was performed based on the survey of accommodation distribution in the urban area and the trend of change in sales of local shops during the arts festival.
Naoshima has been promoting a cultural arts project since 1988, led by the publishing company Benesse Holdings. Specifically, Naoshima gained international acclaim as the "Island of Arts" through the "Ie Project", which focused on transforming residential houses and old buildings into artworks. In 2010, Naoshima hosted the first Setouchi International Art Triennale, extending its art activities to neighboring islands in collaboration with Kagawa Prefecture and Art Director Furamu Kitagawa. Various participants have noted that the arts festival has led to: a revitalization of the local economy due to an increase in businesses such as restaurants and accommodations (as stated by businesses and local administration), an increase in population influx due to the rise in visitors (as stated by local administration) and an enhancement in the cultural lives of residents and a revitalization of intra-regional interactions through cultural arts (as stated by businesses and artists).
While there were only nine restaurants (including cafes) in Naoshima in 2002, the number has surged to 60 in 2021, marking an almost sevenfold increase, which is a significant transformation for an island with a total area of just about eight square kilometers. However, the survey revealed that most of these businesses rely on external companies for tasks such as sourcing food ingredients, which leads to a structure where the majority of economic benefits are leaked outwards. Furthermore, most job opportunities available to local residents were limited to part-time positions. Contrary to the argument presented by Kagawa Prefecture, the population influx towards Naoshima was primarily due to its accessibility to nearby cities, the exotic natural environment of the Seto Inland Sea, and the leisurely local atmosphere, factors that have little relevance to the arts festival. Lastly, while there were local residents who expressed interest in participating in cultural arts activities led by companies or who welcomed interactions with arts festival visitors, a considerable number of residents opposed arts activities in residential areas or complained about daily life inconveniences caused by the increased number of visitors.
Meanwhile, Tokamachi, once thriving due to its agricultural and silk textile industry, has been grappling with a declining industry, depopulation, and an aging population since Japan's high-growth period. To address these issues, Tokamachi participated in a municipal merger led by Niigata Prefecture and undertook public projects for facility maintenance. The city also invited Art Director Furamu Kitagawa under the initiative of utilizing local resources through the arts, leading to its first Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennal in 2000. The city of Tokamachi argues that the local economy has been revitalized by the economic ripple effect created by the art festival, and that the region has benefited from the influx and exchange of population visiting the region prompted by the festival. Furthermore, Director Kitagawa and organizations supporting the arts festival argue that local residents have regained their vitality through artworks that emphasize interactions between outsiders and local residents. They also believe that residents have developed a sense of pride in their place of residence as various charms of the area have gained recognition.
Tokamachi has garnered attention as a successful role model for local art festivals, ever since its first event took place about 20 years ago. Indeed, it has seen tremendous success, starting with 162,800 visitors at its inaugural event and reaching 548,390 in 2018. However, the impact of the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennal on Tokamachi has varied across its regions: as the Triennal aims to install artworks either in the outskirts of the city or in the mountainous areas near natural environments, it has been found that interactions with external visitors and the resulting changes in sales in the urban area were minimal. Furthermore, despite the steady increase in festival visitors, there were only seven accommodations in urban Tokamachi, with most visitors staying at ryokans and ski resorts situated in the nearby town of Yuzawa or the city of Minamiuonuma. Consequently, residents' opinions revealed that visitors primarily recognize Tokamachi as a stopover for appreciating artworks, while their brief visits seldom result in actual local consumption.
Art Director Furamu Kitagawa, who was involved in both local arts festivals, emphasized the importance of fostering relationships between external visitors and local residents through artworks that reflect local characteristics. However, the local residents in these two distinct regions exhibited rather differing reactions towards building relationships with outside visitors. In Naoshima, residents expressed complaints about disruptions in their daily lives due to the significant influx of visitors on the small island. Conversely, in Tokamachi, there was a sense of disappointment due to the limited interaction with visitors, most of whom only visit the artworks in the mountainous area and promptly leave the city. Therefore, while it is worth noting that both local arts festivals have garnered significant attention as art exhibitions with unique artworks that reflect the characteristics of the island and mountainous regions respectively, the effects of "local revitalization", the key emphasis of the director since the beginning of these initiatives, have proven to be minimal.
Indeed, the local arts festivals have had positive impacts on both regions: Naoshima has emerged as a world-class tourist destination, and Tokamachi has regained its vitality due to the influx of younger populations. However, it is also evident that, contrary to the common objective of local revitalization shared by both art festivals since their beginnings, the effects actually felt by local residents remain limited. This calls for improvements to strengthen links with local residents. It could even be argued that this has contradicted the purpose of the project, as residents have scarcely experienced such positive impacts while entities involved in organizing the art festivals have claimed the effects of the festivals as public projects. In conclusion, to establish local arts festivals as a policy for local revitalization through cultural arts, it is necessary to improve the content of the festivals in ways that are more acceptable to all participants, including local residents.