자원봉사활동의 유래를 통한 행정체계의 발전방향에 대한 고찰 = The Study on the Development of Administrative System through the Origin of the Volunteer Activity

국문 초록 (Abstract)

인류 역사를 통해 볼 때 자원봉사는 자기희생, 헌신과 봉사, 자선, 상부상조, 박애주의, 인도주의, 민주주의 등 철학적, 종교적, 도덕적 배경에서 출발하였다. 우리나라 자원봉사는 상부상조를 목적으로 하는‘계 조직’이 삼한시대에 성행하였다. 이는 순수한 주민협동체 조직으로 취미나 그 밖의 생활의 공통된 분야에서 공동으로 회유, 제례 또는 회식 같은 행사를 통해 이해관계를 같이 해왔다. 이런 계 조직은 신라시대에 이르러 다양한 형태로 발전되어 오늘날까지 유사한 형태로 전달되어지고 있다. 신라시대에는 계 이외에도 두레라고 하는 촌락단위로 조직된 농촌사회의 상호협력, 감찰을 목적으로 하는 주민 협동체가 있었다. 고구려 시대의 세민구호책인 진대법, 고려의 의창·제위보·혜민국제, 조선의 상평창·사창 및 향약은 영국의 구빈법보다 훨씬 앞서는 제도로서 사회연대 책임 하에 실시된 사회복지적 측면이라 할 수 있다. 현대적 의미의 자원봉사활동이 실시되기 시작한 것은 1903년 YMCA창립을 시작으로 해서 1921년태화기독교사회관에서 여성계몽과 어린이 건강을 위한 봉사활동이 전개되면서 부터이다. 그러나 이 시기에는 기독교의 전파에 따라 기독교사상, 민주주의 철학 등이 유입되면서 교회 및 관련단체의 자선적, 박애적 성격을 띠는 초보적 형태의 자원봉사활동이 시작되었다고 볼 수 있다. 자원봉사활동에 대한 관심이 본격적으로 높아지기 시작한 것은 1980년대에 들어서면서 부터이다. 이것은 경제수준의 향상, 국민의식의 증대, 가족구조의 변화 등 사회·경제적 변화가 크게 작용하였기 때문이다. 1984년 한국여성개발원에 의하여 자원봉사인력은행이 설치되고, 1985년에는 올림픽조직위원회에 의하여 자원봉사단이 구성됨으로써 보다 조직적으로 자원봉사활동이 전개 되었다. 특히 ``86아시안게임과 ``88올림픽에 있어서 거국적인 자원봉사자활용은 전국적으로 자원봉사를 인식시키고 확산시키는데 크게 기여하였다. 서양에서는 기록에 의하면 4,300여 년 전 이집트인들의 무덤에 자선행위가 기록되어 있고, 그리스시대에는 개인의 고통을 덜어주는 일보다 사회문제의 답을 사회개혁에서 찾으려 했다. 그리하여 모두에게 혜택이 돌아가는 박애주의(Philanthropy)가 발달하게 되었다. 전통적 자원봉사활동에서부터 현대적 자원봉사활동에 이르기까지의 전반적인 활동을 토대로 우리나라의 자원봉사활동과 제 외국의 역사적 전개과정과 지원체계 그리고 제도를 비교 고찰한 것은 자원봉사 발전에 어떠한 의미와 가치를 부여하는지에 대한 행정상 체계방안과 행정법상 제도를 마련하고, 더 나아가 자원봉사활동의 활성화에 기여하는가에 의의가 있다할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Volunteer work began with philosophical, religious, moral background of self-sacrifice, dedication and service, charity, mutual aid, philanthropy, humanitarianism, democracy, etc. seen from human history. In Korean voluntary work, gye for the purpose of mutual aid flourished in the time of the Three Han State, and this had have common interest through events such as get-together, ancestral ritual formalities or congregate dining jointly in the common fields of interest or other living standards as the pure resident community. This gye had been developed in various forms by the Sinra ear and has being come in similar form up to this day. There was dure other than gye in the period of Sinra, dure was the farmers`` cooperative group composed of village unit for mutual aid, inspection of rural community and relief measure of the poor, jindaebeob of Goguryeo era, uichang·jewibo·hyemingugje of Goryeo era, sangpeongchang·sachang·hyangyak of Joseon dynasty was the system exceeding poor law of England and could be seen as efforts for social welfare taken under the responsibility of social solidarity. Beginning to conduct volunteer activities in the modern meaning was from developing volunteer work for women`` enlightenments and children`` health at Taehwa Christianity Society Complex, 1921, starting the foundation of YMCA, 1903.However in this period, there could appear to be begun volunteer activities of rudimentary forms with charitable, philanthropic character of church and relevant groups by the introduction of Christian ideas, philosophy of democracy, etc. according to propagation of Christianity. That interest on volunteer work was rising in earnest came into the 1980s. This is because social·economical changes such as improvement of the economic levels, increase of national consciousness, change of family structure, etc. are a big factor, Korean Women’s Development Institute established the volunteer manpower bank in 1984, and volunteer activities developed more systematically by consisting of volunteers in 1985 by the Olympic organized committee. Especially in ``86 Asian Game and ``88 Olympic, a nationwide use of volunteer largely contributed to recognize and spread volunteer work all over the country. According to the record, an act of charity was recorded on Egyptian tomb 4,300 years ago, and in the time of the Greeks, they tried to find the answer of social problem in social reform rather than in relief of the individual pain and Philanthropy providing benefits to all was developed. In England, Charity organization society established in 1869 pursued an effective adjustment between welfare business and institute, and avoided the overlap and competition of relief administration and was to develop the organization and technique. Settlement House Movement started about 15 years later than the charity organization society in order to deal with the same social problem at that time, but viewpoint approaching the problems was much different. Settlement House movement was that the environmental factor based on liberalism and radicalism idea in those days was the source of the very social problem. Approach to the problem emphasized not modification of the poor but social reformative side having to change existing order. This tried to find the realizable effective solutions in a concrete way in a pragmatic stance. This was just the first social group work. In America, the charity organization society started a charity at Buffalo, New York in 1877, and Hull house was also built at Chicago in 1889. Everyone that worked at Hull house was housed and lived in settlement house. In Japan, Osaka volunteering association built in 1965 was concentrating on education and training as the first private volunteering association. This was the model of voluntary school in Japan. Welfare ministry began to make welfare volunteer village from 1985, and social welfare council installed the volunteer center throughout the country. Volunteer activity began to be vitalized nationally in school education such as forming the nationwide volunteer study leader contact council becoming the focal point for teachers, etc. People living in the 21th century were living in the direct effect of the fast-changing social structures and economical circumstances. In the rapidly changing society, every member tries to keep up the pace of change, for which struggles to maintain physical·economical·psychological stability. Notwithstanding all sorts of social welfare policies being pushed by government, there still exist those suffering from physical, psychological isolation in people who are neglected in society. These can find the case of neglect in the visible or invisible presence on the ground of budget deficits. The very volunteer is the way that can support the area beyond hand of government or local government like this. In addition, because volunteers are unpaid human resources with spontaneity and want to extend help to others or members of the society, they can promote ideal community development and local change. The member in society can have the meaning to drive voluntarily efforts to convert a person who cannot enjoy the social welfare benefits to the state of enjoying the social welfare benefits. Therefore volunteer activities can be playing pivotal role in forming democratic welfare society based on the sound civic spirit. The history of volunteer work in our country is relatively short compared to other advanced countries such as England or America, etc. Of course in case of the four ceremonial occasions of coming of age, wedding, funeral, and ancestral rites or work of farming season with a rural village as a unit, there exists the tradition such as dure, exchange of labor, gye, hyangyak, etc. in the form of reciprocity to help one another among the village people, however because these traditions have strongly the concept of risk-reduction by collective effort in aspects of economic compensation to help one another by working for one another and preparation for emergency of disaster, etc. rather than are grounded on volunteer spirit, they are not volunteer work in the original meaning. Thus, based on the overall activity from traditional volunteer activities up to modern volunteer activities, considering the historical development of volunteer activities in our country prepares the administrative system and the system under administration law in regard to granting the meaning and value to the development of volunteer work, and furthermore has a significance in contributing to development of volunteer work.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 전대성, "지역사회복지 서비스 향상을 위한 자원봉사 활성화에 관한 연구" 단국대학교 대학원 2006

2 백종해, "주부 자원봉사활동의 활성화 방안에 관한 연구" 이화여자대학교 1995

3 김범수, "재가복지론" 흥익재 1995

4 정환학, "자치구 자원봉사 활성화 방안에 관한 연구 : 서울시 송파구 자원봉사 참여자 인식조사를 중심으로" 서울시립대학교 도시과학대학원 2006

5 박진숙, "자원봉사활동의 활성화 방안에 관한 연구" 원광대학교 행정대학원 2004

6 장지연, "자원봉사활동 인정·보상이 자원봉사 지속성에 미치는 영향 : 자원봉사관리자와 자원봉사자의 관점 비교" 위덕대학교 사회복지대학원 2008

7 한국사회복지관협회, "자원봉사핸드북" 도서출판 국제 1998

8 김성이, "자원봉사총론" 양서원 2006

9 박정희, "자원봉사조직 효과성의 영향요인에 관한 연구 : 대한적십자봉사회 대전·충남지역 지구협의회를 중심으로" 한남대학교 대학원 2003

10 金昌基, "자원봉사자 관리의 실태와 대책에 관한 연구 : 충청북도를 중심으로" 淸州大學校 行政大學院 1996

11 이은경, "자원봉사의 이론과 실제" 창지사 2006

12 최종혁, "자원봉사론 : 자원봉사에서 자원복지운동으로" 양서원 2015

13 임혜숙, "자원봉사론" 박영사 2013

14 임은희, "자원봉사론" 정민사 2014

15 배기효, "자원봉사론" 공동체 2008

16 류기형, "자원봉사론" 양서원 2015

17 김익균, "자원봉사론" 교문사 2005

18 권순종, "자원봉사론" 양서원 2008

19 고재욱, "자원봉사론" 양서원 2013

20 구재관, "자원봉사론" 양서원 2012

21 원미순, "자원봉사론" 공동체 2009

22 추교천, "우리나라 자원봉사활동의 실태와 활성화에 관한 연구" 서울시립대학교 도시과학대학원 2006

23 김동배, "시민사회와 자원봉사" 학지사 2005

24 박태영, "사회복지시설과 지역사회" 백산출판사 1995

25 Baldock, C. V., "Volunteers in Welfare" Allen and Unwin Australia Pty, Ltd 1990

26 Manser, G., "Voluntarism at the Crossroads." Family Service Association of America 1976

27 National Council for Voluntary Organization, "The Voluntary Agencies Directory" 1995

28 Home office and the Central Office of Information., "The Individual and The Community" Recycled Pager 1992

29 Dunn, P. C., "NASW, Encyclopedia of Social Work" NASW Press 1995

30 Sheard, J., "From Lady Bountiful to Active Citizen" Routledge 1995