남해 고려대장경 추정판각지의 공간에 대한 연구 = A Study on Space of Estimated Place where Tripitaka Koreana was made in Namhae

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Tripitaka Koreana(高麗大藏經) is a collection of Tripitaka completed in 1251, 38th year of King Gojong’s reign in the Goryeo Period. The collection was created by a temporary government offices established for the very purpose, which were called Dogam(都監), which completed the collection 16 years after its foundation in 1236, 23rd year of King Gojong’s reign, after the First Edition of Tripitaka Koreana(初雕大藏經) was lost to fire in 1232, 19th year of King Gojong’s reign, during the Mongolian invasion of Goryeo. The Tripitaka Koreana has been the subject of in-depth studies in a wide range of areas as early as the early 20th century. However, the engraving of the collection is largely shrouded in mystery except for the accounts in a handful of literature including an imprint(刊記) and Goryeosa(高麗史) that it was engraved at Daejangdogam(大藏都監) and Bunsa Daejangdogam(分司大藏都監). Even today, various discussions are ongoing as to the facts behind its engraving.
Namhae is the only place identified as the site of a Bunsa Daejangdogam, as indicated by the phrase at the end of Volume 27 of Jonggyeonglog(宗鏡錄) for the Tripitaka Koreana, “丁未歲高麗國分司南海大藏都監開板.” Dogam is a temporary office established to preside over the state’s important matters. Depending on the nature of the matter at hand, Dogam could exert significant authority. For this reason, the creation of the Tripitaka Koreana seems to have been a project of national importance led by the king, and Bunsa Daejangdogam seems to have been a public administration body designed for organizational and systemic operation. Starting in 2000, numerous archaeological surveys were conducted in Namhae to locate the engraving site of the Tripitaka Koreana, which resulted in the discovery of various sites in Gohyeon-myeon and other areas developed or maintained during the engraving of the collection. Among those sites, this study analyzes the building structures and excavated artifacts from three sites presumed to be inter-related in terms of building construction and operation, as evidenced by the same engraved roof tiles excavated from the sites.
As for the Former Gwandangseongji Site(傳 官堂城址), curved celadon bowls with halo designs(haemurigubwan) and Hampyeongwonbo(咸平元寶) coins were excavated, which indicate the construction of a government office building at the site between the late 10th century and the first half of the 11th century. An analysis of the excavated artifacts suggests that the building survived the 12th and 13th centuries and lasted until the 14th century. Judging from the high-end objects and high-quality celadons excavated from the site, the building seems to have been managed by high-class individuals. The roof tiles engraved with the letter “官”(meaning government or public office) allow for a presumption that the structure was a government office building built with government-supplied roof tiles or a public building controlled by the government. The Former Gwandangseongji Site is the only site in Gohyeon-myeon and the surrounding areas where the “官” roof tiles were excavated. Given the fact that Bunsa Daejangdogam is an administrative body tasked with the national project of the engraving of the Tripitaka, and the word Gwangdang(官堂) means a government office building, the site is presumed to have hosted a Bunsa Daejangdogam building.
The Former Seonwonsaji Site(傳 仙源寺址) consists of four terraces. Terrace B had a garden with a pond, which shows a characteristic of a Byeolso buidling(別墅, a type of vacation home). Terrace C had a wide empty lot, with the building occupying only a minimal area. The lot seems to have been used for special tasks. Terrace D had corridor-style buildings arranged to form a square. The square layout is frequently found in the residents of high-class aristocrats in major administrative areas including the royal capital of Goryeo. Building D-1, which is also a corridor-style building, shows characteristics of buildings built for banquets and other occasions at a public building such as a royal palace or a government office, or a resident of aristocrats. However, unlike other aristocratic residents in Goryeo, the Former Seonwonsaji Site has a straight road across Terraces B to D, along with a large empty lot on Terrace C. The road is clearly distinguished from walking paths; it seems to have been created for carriages and later remodeled for special tasks. Therefore, the buildings at the site seem to have been originally used as a vacation home for high-class individuals, before they were partially remodeled for tasks related with the engraving of the Tripitaka Koreana. The site’s structural characteristics are consistent with the account in Bogakguksabicheop(普覺國師碑銘) written by Ilyeon, according to whom “Jeongan(鄭晏) founded the Jeongnimsa Temple by remodeling his own residence(Byeolseo) in Namhae.”
As for the Former Bangnyeonamji Site(傳 白蓮庵址), which formerly hosted a Buddhist hermitage(因法堂) called “Bangneyonam,” a large amount of roof tiles engraved with the phrase “長命願施納銀甁一口李台瑞/朴富○” were excavated. The phrase mentions “Eunbyeong(銀甁),” which refers to high-quality coins used exclusively by Goryeo’s aristocracy or for inter-state transactions. The coins seem to have been donated by an individual affiliated with the central aristocracy of Goryeo or a local leader. The hermitage is presumed to have been built in the 11th century, followed by a major renovation between the 12th and the 13th century when the engraved roof tiles were made. In addition, roof-end tiles(maksae) with sun beam designs(日暉文) were excavated from the last two sites. The tiles excavated from the two sites had identical shapes and sizes. In general, roof-end tiles with sun beam designs are closely related to government-sponsored buildings such as royal palaces and temples. It is reported that these roof-end tiles are likely to have been created by craftsmen under the direct management of the government. Then, if the Former Jeonwonsaji Site can be presumed to be a former site for the engraving of the Tripitaka Koreana during Goryeo’s struggle against the Mongol invaders, the buildings at the former Baengnyeonamji Site can be presumed to have gone through a major remodeling for tasks related to the engraving.
Lastly, based on an estimated coastline of the area in the Goryeo Period, this study presumed that the engraving sites were located at elevations between 10 and 20 meters above sea level. In addition, it is likely that ships could access areas as high as around 10 meters above sea level through the Gwaneumpo Port. Then, four possible docking spots were estimated through a terrain analysis: Tapdongmaeul Village, Nalkkeut Village, Cheondongmaeul Village, and Posangmaeul Village. Based on the estimation, it is presumed that the wooden boards transported through Cheondongmaeul Village and Posangmaeul Village were processed into woodblocks suitable for engraving in Posangmaeul Village, and then delivered to the Former Seonwonsaji Site.
This study confirmed that the area in and around Gohyeon-myeon, Namhae was used for the engraving the Tripitaka Koreana. This study also speculates that Namhae hosted a number of organically inter-connected sites for the engraving of the Tripitaka Koreana, including the Bunsa Daejangdogam(in the Former Gwandangseongji Site), a government office presiding over the administrative affairs for the engraving, the crafting sites (in the Former Seonwonsaji Site) and related facilities(in the Former Baengnyeonamji Site), docking areas for the transportation of the required materials(Tapdongmaeul Village, Nalkkeut Village, Cheondongmaeul Village, and Posangmaeul Village), and facilities offering administrative support (Seongsanseong Fortress).

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 관련 유적과 유물의 검토 7
• 1. 관련 유적 7
• 2. 관련 유물 19
• Ⅲ. 관련 유적의 구조와 성격 50
• 1. 전 관당성지 50
• 2. 전 선원사지 58
• 3. 전 백련암지 69
• Ⅳ. 고려대장경 추정판각지의 공간 구성 73
• 1. 추정판각지 유적의 기능적 관계 73
• 2. 추정판각지 유적의 지형적 공간 구성 78
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 86
• 참고문헌 90