Geology : basics for engineers

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Dedication = v
• About The Author = vii
• Foreword = xv
• Preface = xvii
• 1 The Geology-Engineering Partnership
• 1.1 Areas of engineering geology = 1
• 1.1.1 Project construction = 2
• 1.1.2 Natural hazards = 3
• 1.1.3 Geological resources = 4
• 1.1.4 Environmental pollution = 6
• 1.2 The history of geology = 6
• 2 The Earth in Space
• 2.1 The solar system = 11
• 2.1.1 Historical representations = 11
• 2.1.2 General structure = 12
• 2.1.3 The Earth's revolution = 14
• 2.2 The telluric planets = 17
• 2.2.1 Atmospheres and hydrospheres = 18
• 2.2.2 Geology and geologic activity = 19
• 2.3 Giant planets = 24
• 2.4 Comets = 24
• 2.5 Meteorites = 26
• 2.5.1 Stony meteorites = 27
• 2.5.2 Metallic meteorites = 28
• 3 The Earth Through Time
• 3.1 Measurement of geologic time = 29
• 3.1.1 Radiometric methods = 29
• 3.1.2 Stratigraphic methods = 30
• 3.1.3 Paleontological methods = 32
• 3.1.4 Summary of dating methods = 36
• 3.2 Origin of the Universe and Matter = 37
• 3.2.1 Initial nucleosynthesis = 38
• 3.2.2 Stellar phase = 38
• 3.2.3 Accretion of the planets = 40
• 3.3 Voyage through time : From the Precambrian to the Quaternary = 40
• 3.3.1 Precambrian Era = 41
• 3.3.2 Primary Era (Paleozoic) = 45
• 3.3.3 Secondary Era (Mesozoic) = 48
• 3.3.4 Tertiary Era (Cenozoic) = 50
• 3.3.5 Quaternary Era (Anthropozoic) = 52
• 4 Physics of the Globe
• 4.1 Seismology = 59
• 4.1.1 Rupture mechanisms = 59
• 4.1.2 Types of seismic waves = 60
• 4.1.3 Laws of wave propagation = 64
• 4.1.4 Causes of earthquakes = 66
• 4.1.5 Monitoring and treatment of seismic signals = 72
• 4.1.6 Seismic risk = 87
• 4.1.7 Seismic prospecting = 98
• 4.2 Gravimetry = 101
• 4.2.1 Connection with mechanics = 101
• 4.2.2 Notion of a geoid = 102
• 4.2.3 Measurement of the gravitational field and its treatment = 103
• 4.2.4 Interpretation of anomalies = 108
• 4.2.5 Principles of isostasy = 111
• 4.2.6 Density of Earth's rocks = 117
• 4.3 Magnetism = 117
• 4.3.1 Causes of the Earth's magnetic field = 118
• 4.3.2 Components of the magnetic field at a point on the Earth's surface = 121
• 4.3.3 Measurement of the magnetic field = 124
• 4.3.4 Paleomagnetism = 124
• 4.4 Geothermics = 124
• 4.4.1 Thermal transfer within the Earth = 124
• 4.4.2 Exploitation of geothermal energy = 127
• 5 Rock Forming Minerals
• 5.1 Crystallography = 133
• 5.1.1 Internal structure of minerals = 134
• 5.1.2 Crystal morphology = 139
• 5.1.3 Cohesion properties = 143
• 5.1.4 Optical properties of minerals = 146
• 5.2 Geochemistry = 149
• 5.2.1 Silicates = 150
• 5.2.2 Carbonates = 160
• 5.2.3 Sulfates = 161
• 5.2.4 Phosphates = 162
• 5.2.5 Halides = 163
• 5.2.6 Sulfides = 165
• 5.2.7 Oxides and hydroxides = 165
• 5.3 Practical mineral identification = 167
• 6 Magmatism and Magmatic Rocks
• 6.1 Composition of the Earth's layers = 171
• 6.2 Magmatism and plate tectonics = 173
• 6.2.1 The history of plate tectonics = 173
• 6.2.2 Paleomagnetic reconstruction = 176
• 6.2.3 Possible relationships between plates = 179
• 6.3 From magma to magmatic rocks = 181
• 6.3.1 Process of magma generation = 181
• 6.3.2 Magma solidification processes = 181
• 6.3.3 Magmatic configurations = 186
• 6.4 Magmatic events = 192
• 6.4.1 Plutonism and plutonic rocks = 192
• 6.4.2 Volcanism and volcanic rocks = 194
• 6.5 Major magmatic rocks = 206
• 6.5.1 Classification = 206
• 6.5.2 Field identification methods = 208
• 7 The Water Cycle
• 7.1 Water reserves and their exchanges = 212
• 7.2 The atmosphere = 213
• 7.2.1 Atmospheric reservoir = 213
• 7.2.2 The greenhouse effect = 214
• 7.2.3 Atmospheric precipitation = 216
• 7.2.4 Rainfall fractionation on the soil = 220
• 7.3 Surface water = 222
• 7.3.1 Rivers and streams = 222
• 7.3.2 Lakes = 234
• 7.3.3 Glaciers = 239
• 7.4 Groundwater = 245
• 7.4.1 Porosity of geological materials = 246
• 7.4.2 Water flow in geologic media = 249
• 7.4.3 Basics of hydrodynamics = 250
• 7.4.4 Application of permeability to the subsurface = 252
• 7.4.5 Hydrodynamic application of flow toward a well = 253
• 7.4.6 Hydrologic balance of aquifers = 257
• 7.4.7 Groundwater intake = 257
• 7.4.8 Effects of drainage and irrigation = 259
• 7.4.9 Groundwater management = 261
• 7.4.10 Groundwater protection = 263
• 7.4.11 Groundwater and civil engineering projects = 266
• 7.5 Water in the seas and oceans = 287
• 8 The Continental Sedimentary Environment
• 8.1 Generalities = 294
• 8.1.1 Continental erosion = 295
• 8.1.2 Continental sedimentation = 297
• 8.2 Hillslope environments = 299
• 8.2.1 Particle transport = 299
• 8.2.2 Mass transport = 303
• 8.3 The alluvial environment = 312
• 8.3.1 Solid transport in rivers = 312
• 8.3.2 Areas of stream and river erosion = 314
• 8.3.3 Alluvial zones = 314
• 8.4 The lacustrine environment = 318
• 8.4.1 Deltas = 318
• 8.4.2 Lacustrine basins = 322
• 8.5 The palustrine environment = 324
• 8.5.1 Swamps at the bottom of depressions = 324
• 8.5.2 Swamps created by springs = 325
• 8.5.3 Marsh drainage = 325
• 8.5.4 Exploitation of peat = 328
• 8.6 Boreal and polar environments = 328
• 8.6.1 Glacial regions = 328
• 8.6.2 Non-glaciated regions = 332
• 8.7 The desert environment = 337
• 8.7.1 Eolian erosion and transport close to the soil = 337
• 8.7.2 Transport of suspended particles = 339
• 8.7.3 Water in deserts = 339
• 8.7.4 Protective measures = 341
• 9 The Oceanic Sedimentary Environment
• 9.1 Continental margin = 346
• 9.1.1 Detrital sedimentation = 347
• 9.1.2 Biogenic sedimentation = 360
• 9.1.3 Evaporite deposits = 363
• 9.2 The continental rise and the abyssal plains = 367
• 9.2.1 Detrital sedimentation = 367
• 9.2.2 Biogenic sedimentation = 367
• 9.2.3 Hydrochemical sedimentation = 370
• 10 Diagenesis and Properties of Sedimentary Rocks
• 10.1 Diagenetic processes = 374
• 10.1.1 Compaction = 375
• 10.1.2 Cementation = 376
• 10.1.3 Mineralogical modifications = 378
• 10.2 Detrital rocks = 379
• 10.2.1 Conglomerates = 379
• 10.2.2 Sandstones = 380
• 10.2.3 Siltstone = 382
• 10.2.4 Claystones = 382
• 10.3 Biogenic rocks = 384
• 10.3.1 Carbonate rocks = 384
• 10.3.2 Siliceous rocks = 390
• 10.3.3 Fossil fuels = 392
• 10.4 Evaporite rocks = 396
• 10.4.1 Primary dolomite = 396
• 10.4.2 Gypsum and anhydrite = 396
• 10.4.3 Halite rocks = 398
• 10.4.4 Potassium rocks = 399
• 10.4.5 Cargneules = 399
• 11 Metamorphism
• 11.1 Transformation processes = 404
• 11.1.1 Mineralogical modifications = 404
• 11.1.2 Chemical modifications = 406
• 11.1.3 Mechanical modifications = 407
• 11.2 Types of metamorphism = 409
• 11.2.1 Regional metamorphism = 410
• 11.2.2 Contact metamorphism = 410
• 11.2.3 Cataclastic metamorphism = 412
• 11.3 Principal metamorphic rocks and their properties = 413
• 11.3.1 Pelitic sequence = 414
• 11.3.2 Quartzo-feldspathic sequence = 416
• 11.3.3 Carbonate sequence = 417
• 11.3.4 Calcareous-pelitic sequence = 419
• 11.3.5 Mafic sequence = 419
• 11.3.6 Ultramafic sequence =\ 421
• 11.4 Identification of magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks = 421
• 12 Tectonics
• 12.1 Mechanical stresses in the subsurface = 427
• 12.1.1 Physical definition = 427
• 12.1.2 Stress state in geological environments = 429
• 12.2 Stress-deformation relationships = 430
• 12.2.1 Laboratory tests = 431
• 12.2.2 Rock deformation observed in the field = 443
• 12.3 Brittle deformation = 444
• 12.3.1 Joints = 444
• 12.3.2 Faults = 445
• 12.3.3 Characterization of discontinuities in a rock massif = 448
• 12.4 Ductile deformation = 451
• 12.4.1 Folds = 451
• 12.4.2 Concentric folds = 455
• 12.4.3 Similar folds = 457
• 12.4.4 Fold nappes = 458
• 12.5 Geometric representation and treatment of structural elements = 459
• 12.5.1 Mapping of structural elements = 459
• 12.5.2 Geometric tools = 460
• 12.5.3 Stereographic projections = 460
• 12.6 The Alps : a tectonic model = 468
• 12.6.1 Jura = 470
• 12.6.2 Molasse plateau = 470
• 12.6.3 Prealps = 471
• 12.6.4 Hautes Alpes Calcaires = 471
• 12.6.5 External crystalline massifs = 472
• 12.6.6 Internal thrust nappes = 472
• 12.6.7 Present-day deformation = 472
• 13 Weathering
• 13.1 Weathering processes = 477
• 13.1.1 Thermal processes = 478
• 13.1.2 Physicochemical processes = 484
• 13.2 Catalog of weathering-prone materials = 491
• 13.3 Extent of weathering at depth = 493
• 13.4 Engineering concerns = 495
• 13.4.1 Weathering effects on mechanical properties = 496
• 13.4.2 Weathering effects on hydrogeological properties = 497
• 13.5 Screening for weathering = 502
• 14 Geology's Role in the Major Issues Facing Society
• 14.1 Land development and natural resources = 505
• 14.1.1 Food resources = 505
• 14.1.2 Energy resources = 507
• 14.1.3 Resources of underground space = 511
• 14.1.4 Mineral resources = 513
• 14.1.5 Geomaterials resources = 517
• 14.1.6 Space Resources = 521
• 14.2 Environmental protection = 522
• 14.2.1 Ecosystems and biodiversity = 522
• 14.2.2 Natural hazards = 524
• 14.2.3 Climate change = 524
• 14.2.4 Geologic waste disposal = 531
• 14.2.5 Pollution of the subsurface = 537
• 14.3 Conclusion = 552
• Bibliography = 553
• Index = 567