비인격적 감독과 정서적 소진의 관계: LMX와 꽌시의 역할을 중심으로 = The Relationship between Abusive Supervision and Emotional Exhaustion: The Roles of LMX and Guanxi

국문 초록 (Abstract)

비인격적 감독 분야의 선행연구들은 상사의 비인격적 감독이 부하의 정서적 소진에 부정적 영향을 미친다고보고하고 있으나, 비인격적 감독이 어떠한 내적 프로세스를 통해 정서적 소진을 촉진하며, 또한 언제 이러한관계가 강화 또는 약화될 수 있는가에 대한 연구는 미흡하였다. 본 연구에서는 상사와 부하 간의 사회적 교환관계를 기반으로 업무 측면의 교환관계인 상사－부하 교환관계(leader-member exchange; LMX)와 비업무 측면의개인적 교환관계인 상사－부하 꽌시(guanxi)의 서로 다른 특징을 지닌 두 유형의 상사－부하 간 관계의 역할에주목하였다. LMX와 꽌시를 활용하여, 본 연구는 비인격적 감독과 정서적 소진의 관계에서 LMX의 매개효과와꽌시의 조절효과, 그리고 LMX의 매개효과가 꽌시의 수준에 의해 다르게 발현되는 조절된 매개효과를 검증하였다. 287명의 중국 직장인을 표본으로 설문조사를 통해 확보한 자료를 분석한 결과, 상사의 비인격적 감독은부하의 정서적 소진에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, LMX는 상사의 비인격적 감독과 부하의정서적 소진의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 꽌시는 상사의 비인격적 감독과 LMX의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났으며, LMX를 매개로 하는 비인격적 감독의 정서적 소진에 대한 간접효과는 꽌시의 수준에따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 비인격적 감독이 LMX를 매개로 정서적 소진에 미치는 간접효과는 꽌시를낮게 인식하는 부하에서는 유의하지 않은 반면, 꽌시를 높게 인식하는 부하에게서 유의하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 이론 및 실무 측면의 시사점을 논의하고, 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Although previous research have revealed the negative impact of supervisors' abusive supervision on subordinates' emotional exhaustion, yet little research to date has investigated which variables explain why abusive supervision leads to emotional exhaustion and when such relationship may be stronger or weaker. Based on social exchange theory, we focused the roles of two distinct types of supervisor-subordinate exchange relationships: LMX(leader-member exchange) based on work-related relationship and supervisor-subordinate Guanxi based on nonwork-related personal relationship. By integrating LMX and guanxi, we proposed and tested a moderated mediation model that includes LMX as the mediator and guanxi as the moderator in relationship between abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion. Results based on 287 Chinese employees provided support for our hypotheses. We found that abusive supervision was positively related to emotional exhaustion and LMX mediated such relationship. We found further that guanxi moderated the relationship between abusive supervision and LMX; revealing that the negative influence of abusive supervision on LMX was stronger when subordinates perceived a high level of guanxi. Finally, a moderated mediation analyses showed that the mediated relationship between abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion through LMX was different on the moderator variable of guanxi. Specifically, the conditional indirect effect of abusive supervision on emotional exhaustion through LMX was valid under high level of guanxi, not under low level of guanxi. Implications for research and practice were discussed along with study limitations and future research directions.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 위안, "한국과 중국에서 상사-부하간 꽌시(關係)와 교환관계(LMX)가 직무태도에 미치는 영향 비교" 대한경영학회 25 (25): 483-500, 2012

2 머니투데이, "직장인 10명 중 7명 “직장내 괴롭힘당한 적 있다”"

3 한겨레21, "직장괴롭힘, 딱 한 번의 욕도 욕입니다"

4 이철기, "직무요구-자원모형을 활용한 직업상담사의 직무소진 및 업무열의에 대한 연구" 한국기업경영학회 22 (22): 169-186, 2015

5 조선경, "상사의 비인격적 행동이 구성원의 조직 일탈에미치는 영향: 사회적으로 부과된 완벽주의 및경쟁의 직렬다중매개를 중심으로" 리더십학회 9 (9): 29-63, 2018

6 양승주, "상사의 비인격적 행동, 구성원의 리더인정 및 자기효능감이 지식공유에 미치는 영향: 심리적 반발이론을 중심으로" 한국기업경영학회 23 (23): 171-197, 2016

7 박규석, "상사의 비인격적 감독과 부하의 일-가정 영역의 관계에서 직무스트레스와 권력거리의 역할" 한국인적자원관리학회 22 (22): 65-88, 2015

8 박노윤, "사회적 교환과 경제적 교환 - 고용지위, 조직지원인식, 리더-부하직원의 관계, 목표지향성의 영향 -" 한국기업경영학회 16 (16): 79-107, 2009

9 이규만, "비인격적 감독이 정서적 고갈과 이직의도에 미치는 영향: 직장-가정 갈등의 매개효과" 경영경제연구소 39 (39): 1-23, 2017

10 정유제, "리더의 감독행위가 리더-부하 교환관계(LMX)와 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향" 한국인적자원관리학회 21 (21): 357-379, 2014

11 Liu, J., "Why do I feel valued and why do I contribute? A relational approach to employee's organization‐based self‐esteem and job performance" 50 (50): 1018-1040, 2013

12 Chi, S. C. S., "When do subordinates'emotion-regulation strategies matter? Abusive supervision, subordinates' emotional exhaustion, and work withdrawal" 24 (24): 125-137, 2013

13 Kim, K. Y., "Three motives for abusive supervision : The mitigating effect of subordinates attributed motives on abusive supervision’s negative outcomes" 26 (26): 476-494, 2019

14 Martinko, M., "The relationships between attribution styles, LMX, and perceptions of abusive supervision" 19 (19): 397-406, 2012

15 Cropanzano, R., "The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors" 88 (88): 160-169, 2003

16 Baron, R. M., "The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations" 51 (51): 1173-1182, 1986

17 Maslach, C., "The measurement of experienced burnout" 2 (2): 99-113, 1981

18 Nie, D., "The leader–member exchange theory in the Chinese context and the ethical challenge of guanxi" 128 (128): 851-861, 2015

19 Huang, X., "The joint effect of leader–member exchange and emotional intelligence on burnout and work performance in call centers in China" 21 (21): 1124-1144, 2010

20 Hobfoll, S. E., "The influence of culture, community, and the nested self in the stress process : Advancing conservation of resources theory" 50 (50): 337-370, 2001

21 Xu, A. J., "The bad boss takes it all : How abusive supervision and leader–member exchange interact to influence employee silence" 26 (26): 763-774, 2015

22 Chen, Y., "Supervisor–subordinate guanxi : Developing a threedimensional model and scale" 5 (5): 375-399, 2009

23 Anderson, J. C., "Structural equation modeling in practice : A review and recommended two-step approach" 103 (103): 411-423, 1988

24 Halbesleben, J., "Sources of social support and burnout : A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model" 91 (91): 1134-1145, 2006

25 Carmines E., "Social measurement:Current issues" Sage 61-73, 1981

26 Chen, Y., "Social exchange spillover in leader–member relations : A multilevel model" 36 (36): 673-697, 2015

27 Peng, A. C., "Social exchange implications of own and coworkers' experiences of supervisory abuse" 57 (57): 1385-1405, 2014

28 Graen, G. B., "Relationship-based approach to leadership : Development of leadermember exchange(LMX)theory of leadership over 25 years : Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective" 6 (6): 219-247, 1995

29 Chong, M. P., "Relational perspectives on leaders’ influence behavior : The mediation of western leader–member exchange and chinese guanxi" 46 (46): 71-87, 2015

30 Uhl-Bien, M., "Reciprocity in manager-subordinate relationships : Components, configurations, and outcomes" 29 (29): 511-532, 2003

31 Zhang, X. A., "Putting non-work ties to work : The case of guanxi in supervisor–subordinate relationships" 26 (26): 37-54, 2015

32 Tepper, B. J., "Predictors of abusive supervision : Supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance" 54 (54): 279-294, 2011

33 Wei, L. Q., "Political skill, Guanxi with supervisor and the career development of subordinates : Evidence from Chinese firms" 47 (47): 437-454, 2010

34 Ashforth, B. E., "Petty tyranny in organizations" 47 (47): 755-778, 1994

35 Martinko, M., "Perceptions of abusive supervision : The role of subordinates'attribution styles" 22 (22): 751-764, 2011

36 Haggard, D. L., "Perceived supervisor remorse, abusive supervision, and LMX" 39 (39): 1252-1267, 2018

37 Song, X., "On-work or off-work relationship? An engagement model of how and when leader–member exchange and leader–member guanxi promote voice behavior" 11 (11): 441-462, 2017

38 Chen, X. P., "On the intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi : A process model of Guanxi development" 21 (21): 305-324, 2004

39 Han, G. H., "Nightmare bosses : The impact of abusive supervision on employees’sleep, emotions, and creativity" 145 (145): 21-31, 2017

40 Scandura, T. A., "Moderating effects of initial leader–member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention" 69 (69): 428-436, 1984

41 Martin, R., "Leader–member exchange(LMX)differentiation and work outcomes : Conceptual clarification and critical review" 39 (39): 151-168, 2018

42 Zhang, L., "Leader–member exchange and guanxi are not the same : Differential impact of dyadic relationships on fit perceptions, helping behavior, and turnover intention" 28 (28): 1005-1030, 2017

43 Graen, G., "Leadership frontiers" Information Age 143-165, 1975

44 Williams, L. J., "Lack of method variance in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Reality or artifact?" 74 (74): 462-468, 1989

45 Maslach, C., "Job burnout" 52 (52): 397-422, 2001

46 Hayes, A. F., "Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regressionbased approach" Guildford Press 2013

47 Shen, C., "How does abusive supervision restrict employees’ feedbackseeking behavior?" 34 (34): 546-559, 2019

48 Wu, M., "How destructive leadership influences compulsory organizational citizenship behavior" 12 (12): 453-468, 2018

49 Brislin, R. W., "Handbook of cross-cultural psychology" Allyn & Bacon 349-444, 1980

50 Chen, N. Y. F., "Guanxi and leader member relationships between American managers and Chinese employees : Open-minded dialogue as mediator" 24 (24): 171-189, 2007

51 Kerlinger, F. N., "Foundations of behavioral research" Harcourt College Publishers 2000

52 Hsu, B. F., "Explaining supervisory support to work-family conflict : The perspectives of guanxi, LMX, and emotional intelligence" 5 (5): 40-54, 2010

53 Blau, P. M., "Exchange and power in social life" Wiley 1964

54 Agarwal, U. A., "Examining links between abusive supervision, PsyCap, LMX and outcomes" 57 (57): 1304-1334, 2019

55 Thompson, L. F., "Employee surveys administered online : Attitudes toward the medium, nonresponse, and data representativeness" 10 (10): 241-261, 2007

56 Wright, T. A., "Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover" 83 (83): 486-493, 1998

57 Law, K. S., "Effect of supervisor–subordinate guanxi on supervisory decisions in China : An empirical investigation" 11 (11): 751-765, 2000

58 Maslach, C., "Early predictors of job burnout and engagement" 93 (93): 498-512, 2008

59 Lian, H., "Does taking the good with the bad make things worse? How abusive supervision and leader–member exchange interact to impact need satisfaction and organizational deviance" 117 (117): 41-52, 2012

60 Hu, L., "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" 6 (6): 1-55, 1999

61 Harvey, P., "Coping with abusive supervision : The neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes" 18 (18): 264-280, 2007

62 Hobfoll, S. E., "Conservation of resources : A new attempt at conceptualizing stress" 44 (44): 513-524, 1989

63 Zhang, Y., "Consequences of abusive supervision: A meta-analytic review" 32 (32): 959-987, 2015

64 Tepper, B. J., "Consequences of abusive supervision" 43 (43): 178-190, 2000

65 Podsakoff, P. M., "Common method biases in behavioral research : A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies" 88 (88): 879-903, 2003

66 Chen, C. C., "Chinese guanxi : An integrative review and new directions for future research" 9 (9): 167-207, 2013

67 Halbesleben, J. R., "Burnout in organizational life" 30 (30): 859-879, 2004

68 Medler-Liraz, H., "Authentic emotional displays, leader–member exchange, and emotional exhaustion" 25 (25): 76-84, 2018

69 Preacher, K. J., "Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models" 40 (40): 879-891, 2008

70 Smith, P. B., "Are guanxi-type supervisor–subordinate relationships culture-general? An eight-nation test of measurement invariance" 45 (45): 921-938, 2014

71 Cohen, J., "Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences" Lawrence Erlbaum 2003

72 Liden, R. C., "An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes" 85 (85): 407-416, 2000

73 Browne, M. W., "Alternative ways of assessing model fit" 21 (21): 230-258, 1992

74 Harris, K. J., "Abusive supervisory reactions to coworker relationship conflict" 22 (22): 1010-1023, 2011

75 Tepper, B. J., "Abusive supervision, intentions to quit, and employees’ workplace deviance : A power/dependence analysis" 109 (109): 156-167, 2009

76 Tepper, B. J., "Abusive supervision in work organizations : Review, synthesis, and research agenda" 33 (33): 261-289, 2007

77 Hobman, E. V., "Abusive supervision in advising relationships : Investigating the role of social support" 58 (58): 233-256, 2009

78 Carlson, D., "Abusive supervision and work–family conflict : The path through emotional labor and burnout" 23 (23): 849-859, 2012

79 Mitchell, M. S., "Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs" 92 (92): 1159-1168, 2007

80 Xu, E., "Abusive supervision and work behaviors : The mediating role of LMX" 33 (33): 531-543, 2012

81 Zellars, K. L., "Abusive supervision and subordinates' organizational citizenship behavior" 87 (87): 1068-1076, 2002

82 Liu, X. Y., "Abusive supervision and organizational citizenship behaviour: Is supervisor–subordinate guanxi a mediator?" 24 (24): 1471-1489, 2013

83 Whitman, M. V., "Abusive supervision and feedback avoidance : The mediating role of emotional exhaustion" 35 (35): 38-53, 2014

84 Lin, W., "Abusive supervision and employee well‐being : The moderating effect of power distance orientation" 62 (62): 308-329, 2013

85 Wu, T. Y., "Abusive supervision and employee emotional exhaustion : Dispositional antecedents and boundaries" 34 (34): 143-169, 2009

86 Aryee, S., "Abusive supervision and contextual performance : The mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating role of work unit structure" 4 (4): 393-411, 2008

87 Mackey, J. D., "Abusive supervision : A meta-analysis and empirical review" 43 (43): 1940-1965, 2017

88 Tepper, B. J., "Abusive supervision" 4 : 123-152, 2017

89 Dansereau Jr. F., "A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations : A longitudinal investigation of the role making process" 13 (13): 46-78, 1975

90 Martinko, M. J., "A review of abusive supervision research" 34 (34): 120-137, 2013

91 Lee, R. T., "A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout" 81 (81): 123-133, 1996

92 Dulebohn, J. H., "A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange : Integrating the past with an eye toward the future" 38 (38): 1715-1759, 2012

93 Liden, R. C., "A longitudinal study on the early development of leadermember exchanges" 78 (78): 662-674, 1993

94 Boyd, N. G., "A developmental approach to the examination of friendship in leader–follower relationships" 9 (9): 1-25, 1998

95 Tepper, B. J., "A case of recognizing distinctions among constructs that capture interpersonal mistreatment in work organizations" 32 (32): 487-498, 2011