In this paper, effect of flow stress, friction, temperature and velocity on finite element predictions of metal flow lines in upsetting. An actual three-stage hot forging process involving an upsetting process is utilized and experimental metal flow l...
In this paper, effect of flow stress, friction, temperature and velocity on finite element predictions of metal flow lines in upsetting. An actual three-stage hot forging process involving an upsetting process is utilized and experimental metal flow lines are employed to study the effect. It has been found that appropriate friction, temperature and velocity has little influence on metal flow lines located especially deep inside material but that flow stress has direct influence on them and a pure power law cannot reflect the real flow stress of hot material because it underestimate the flow stress around the dead-metal zone. It is thus recommended that a proper bottom limit of flow stress be assumed to deviate from the problem.