Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) catalyzes the final step of TAG breakdown, which is the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerol (MAG) to free fatty acids and glycerol. In the present study, I focused on the molecular and biochemical characterization of MAGL gen...
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) catalyzes the final step of TAG breakdown, which is the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerol (MAG) to free fatty acids and glycerol. In the present study, I focused on the molecular and biochemical characterization of MAGL gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Computational modeling suggested that 16 Arabidopsis putative MAGLs (AtMAGLs) have a 3-dimensional structure that is similar to a human MAGL. Heterologous expression and enzyme assays indicated that 11 of the 16 encoded proteins indeed possess MAG lipase activity. Additionally, AtMAGL4 displayed hydrolase activity with lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophospatidylethanolamine (LPE) substrates and AtMAGL1 and -2 utilized LPE as substrates. All recombinant AtMAGLs preferred MAG substrates with unsaturated fatty acids over saturated fatty acids and AtMAGL8 exhibited the highest hydrolase activities with MAG containing 20:1 fatty acids. Except for AtMAGL4, -14, and -16, all AtMAGLs showed similar activity with both sn-1 and sn-2 MAG isomers. Spatial, temporal, and stress-induced expression of the sixteen AtMAGL genes were analyzed by transcriptome analyses. AtMAGL:eYFP fusion proteins provided initial evidence that AtMAGL1, -3, -6, -7, -8, -11, -13, -14, and -16 are targeted to the ER and/or Golgi network, AtMAGL10, -12, and -15 to the cytosol, and AtMAGL2, -4, and -5 to the chloroplasts. Among sixteen members, AtMAGL6 and -8 showed strong lipase activities, but several AtMAGLs including AtMAGL16 displayed very weak activities. To understand the internal factors that influence Arabidopsis MAGL activities, the significance of ‘GxSxS motif’, which is conserved in MAGLs was investigated. Frist, examine the significance of serine reside in GxSxG motif, I observed that the presence of a serine protease inhibitor, PMSF decreased the enzyme activity of AtMAGL6 and -8 by IC50 values of 2.30 and 2.35, respectively. Computational modeling showed that amino acid changes of the GxSxG motif in AtMAGL6 and -8 altered the nucleophilic elbow structure, which is the active site of MAGLs. Mutating the GxSxG motif in the recombinant MBP:AtMAGL6 and MBP:AtMAGL8 proteins to SxSxG, GxAxG and GxSxS motifs completely disappeared the activities of the mutant MAGLs. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between the activities of AtMAGL16 wild type form harboring the SxSxG motif, and mutant AtMAGL16 containing the GxSxG motif. These results revealed that the glycine and serine residues of the GxSxG motif are essential for AtMAGL6 and -8 enzyme activities. The results suggested that AtMAGL6 and -8 play a role as MAG lipase, and AtMAGL16 may not be involved in the hydrolysis of lipid substrates in Arabidopsis. In addition, the expression of AtMAGL8 was observed to be predominantly expressed in germinating seeds using microarray analysis. The expression patterns of AtMAGL8 were further examined in various organs of AtMAGL8 pro:GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants. GUS expression was also observed in developing and germinating seeds, pollen, and pollen tubes. AtMAGL8:eYFP protein was detected to be associated with the surface of oil bodies in germinating seeds and leaves accumulating oil bodies. No remarkable differences were observed in the rate of seed germination, the number and size of cotyledonary oil bodies between T-DNA-inserted atmagl8 knock-out mutant and wild type, suggesting that an allele or alleles of AtMAGL8 might play a role in MAG breakdown during seed germination. Collectively, these results provide the broad characterization of one of the least well-understood group of Arabidopsis lipid-related enzymes and will be useful for better understanding their roles in planta.