혐기성 해양환경에서 철 환원세균에 의한 유기물 분해 및 생물정화 = Significance of Dissimilatory Fe(III) Reduction in Organic Matter Oxidation and Bioremediation of Environmental Contaminants in Anoxic Marine Environments

국문 초록 (Abstract)

산소가 고갈된 혐기성 환경의 유기물 분해 및 물질순환에서 철 환원반응의 생태/환경적 중요성에 대해 고찰하였다. 다양한 해양환경에서 유기물 분해 시 철 환원이 차지하는 중요성은 미약한 수준에서 거의 $100\%$에 이르기까지 그 범위가 극단적으로 다양하게 나타났다. 일반적으로 철 환원은 Fe(III)의 농도가 높은 곳에서 황산염 환원보다 중요한 유기물 분해 경로로 나타나, 유기물 분해에서 철 환원의 중요성은 철 환원세균이 이용 가능한 Fe(III)의 공급정도에 의해 결정되는 것으로 인식되었다. 산소공급이 미약한 연안혐기성 퇴적토 내에서 Fe(III)의 공급은: (1)조석에 의한 퇴적물 내 공극수의 교환(tidal flushing): (2)저서동물에 의한 생물교란: (3)식생의 유무에 따른 퇴적물의 산화/환원 상태의 변화 등에 의해 주로 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다 철 환원세균에 의한 유기물 분해 및 다양한 금속원소의 전환기능을 이용한 특정 유기오염원과 금속오염원의 생물정화는 우리나라와 같이 부영양화된 연안생태환경의 개선 및 독성 유t무기 오염원의 생물정화 등 연안역의 환경친화적 관리가 절실히 요구되는 환경에서 생태/환경공학 분야의 유용한 해결수단으로 간주된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

I reviewed an ecological and environmental significance of microbial carbon respiration coupled to dis-similatory reduction of fe(III) to Fe(II) which is one of the major processes controlling mineralization of organic matter and behavior of metals and nutrients in various anaerobic environments. Relative significance of Fe(III) reduction in the mineralization of organic matter in diverse marine environments appeared to be extremely variable, ranging from negligible up to $100\%$. Cenerally, Fe(III) reduction dominated anaerobic car-bon mineralization when concentrations of reactive Fe(III) were higher, indicating that availability of reactive Fe(III) was a major factor determining the relative significance of Fe(III) reduction in anaerobic carbon mineralization. In anaerobic coastal sediments where $O_2$ supply is limited, tidal flushing, bioturbation and vegetation were most likely responsible for regulating the availability of Fe(III) for Fe(III) reducing bacteria (FeRB). Capabilities of FeRB in mineralization of organic matter and conversion of metals implied that FeRB may function as a useful eco-technological tool for the bioremediation of anoxic coastal environments contaminated by toxic organic and metal pollutants.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in an estuarine fjord with sea cage trout farms" Rysgaard Dalsgaard 21 : 73-84, 2000

2 "and metabolism of an obligatory anaerobic" 3011-3019, 1994

3 "The rates and pathways of carbon oxidation in biotirbated saltmarsh sediments" 47 (47): 230-240, 2002b

4 "The nature of growth forms in the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora" 461-470, 1978

5 "The anaerobic degradation of organic matter in Danish coastal sediments" 3867-3883, 1993a

6 "Sulfate reduction in marine environments its controlling factors and relative significance in mineralization of organic matter" 8 (8): 210-224, 2003

7 "Stimulated anoxic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbon using Fe" 128-131, 1994

8 "Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis" 49 : 81-115, 1995

9 "Seasonal oscillation of microbial iron and sulfate reduction in saltmarsh sediments" 64 : 179-203, 2003

10 "Seasonal carbon and nutrient mineralization in a high-Arctic coastal maine sediment" Rysgaard Risgaard-Petersen Dalsgaard 175 : 261-276, 1998

11 "Relation of soil water movement and sulfide concentration to Spartina alterniflora production in a Georgia Salt Marsh" 61-63, 1982

12 "Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans" 850-856, 1992

13 "Reduction of Fe in sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria" 436-438, 1993

14 "Rates and regulation of microbial iron reduction in sediments of the Baltic-North Sea transition" Rysgaard 65 : 295-317, 2003

15 "Rates and controls of anaerobic microbial respiration across spatial and temporal gradients in saltmarsh sediments" 60 : 49-76, 2002a

16 "Quantifying the role of heterotrophic bacteria in the carbon cycle A need for respiration rate measurements" 40 (40): 436-441, 1995

17 "Phosphorus release from lake sediments" lim (lim): 5-59, 1982

18 "Pathways of organic carbon oxidation in three continental margin sediments" 27-40, 1993b

19 "Oxidation of aromatic contaminants coupled to microbial iron reduction" 297-299, 1989

20 "Organic matter mineralization with reduction of ferric iron in anaerobic sediments" 683-689, 1986

21 "Microbiological and geochemical characterization of microbial Fe reduction in salt marsh sediments" 17 : 163-178, 2000

22 "Microbial reduction of uranium" 413-416, 1991

23 "Microbial reduction of Fe isolation of Acidiphillum cryptum JF-5 capable of coupling the reduction of Fe to the oxidation of glucose" 65 : 3633-3640, 1999

24 "Microbial reduction of Cr6+ during anaerobic degradation of benzonate" 1667-1674, 1996

25 "Microbial processes in salt-marsh sediments edited by Ford" 239-259, 1993

26 "Microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment edited by Varanasi" CRC Press 41-68, 1989

27 "Mechanism for the hydrogen sulfide-induced growth limitation in wetland macrophytes" lim ocea (lim ocea): 399-408, 1990

28 "Manganese inhibition of microbial iron reduction in anaerobic sediments" 145-155, 1988

29 "Magnetite formation during microbial dissimilatory iron reduction edited by Frankel" Plenum Publishing Co 151-166, 1990

30 "Iron and manganese in anaerobic respiration" 311-343, 1994

31 "Impact of fiddler crabs and plant roots on sediment biogeochemistry in a Georgia saltmarsh" 259 : 237-251, 2003

32 "Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments" 114 : 315-329, 1994

33 "Estuarine nitrogen retention independently estimated by the denitrification rate and mass balance methods a study of Norsminde Fjord" 119 : 275-283, 1995

34 "Enzymatic iron and uranium reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria" 41-53, 1993

35 "Environmental processes mediated by iron-reducing bacteria" 7 : 287-294, 1996

36 "Enumeration and characterization of iron -reducing microbial communities from acidic subsurface sediments contaminated with uranium" 7467-7479, 2003

37 "Effects of sea level rise on growth of Spartina anglica and oxygen dynamics in rhizosphere and salt marsh sediments" 225 : 2002197-204

38 "Effects of added manganic and ferric oxides on sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation in intertidal sediments" 131-138, 1990

39 "Effect of bacteria on the elemental composition of early diagenetic siderite implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations" 759-765, 1997

40 "Diagenesis of Fe and S in Amazon inner shelf muds apparent dominance of Fe reduction and implication for the genesis of ironstones" 263-289, 1986

41 "Degradation of monochlorinated and nonchlorinated aromatic compounds under iron-reducing conditions" 61 : 4069-4073, 1995

42 "Complete oxidation of toluene under strictly anoxic conditions by a new sulfate-reducing bacterium" 1444-1451, 1993

43 "Competitive mechanisms for inhibition of sulfate reduction and methane production in the zone of ferric iron reduciton in sediments" 2636-2641, 1987

44 "Competitive exclusion of sulfate reduction by Fe a mechanism for producing discrete zones of high-iron ground water" 29-36, 1992

45 "Comparison of microbial dynamics in marine and freshwater sediments Contrasts in anaerobic carbon catabolism" lim ocea (lim ocea): 725-749, 1988

46 "Chemical and biological mobilization of Fe" in marsh sediments 41-60, 1994

47 "Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in sediments of the Bangrong mangrove area" 22 : 2000199-213

48 "C- and N-mineralization in the sediments of earthen marine fishponds" 221-227, 1988

49 "Biotechnology and bioremediation Biotechnol" 59 : 143-152, 2002

50 "Bioremedation of metal contamination" 8 : 285-289, 1997

51 "Biodiversity and ecology of acidophilic microorganisms" 27 : 307-317, 1998

52 "Benthic respiration in aquatic sediments Methods in ecosystem science edited by Jackson" 86-103, 2000

53 "Bacterial mobilization of polonium" 60 : 4321-4328, 1996

54 "Bacterial manganese and iron reduction in aquatic sediments" 16 : 41-84, 2000

55 "Bacterial biogeochemistry: the ecophysiology of mineral cycling" Academic Press 1998

56 "Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism" 252-254, 1987

57 "Anaerobic oxidation of o-xylene and homologous alkylbenzenes by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria" 65 : 999-1004, 1999

58 "Anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons in crude oil by new types of sulphate-reducing bacteria" 455-458, 1994

59 "Anaerobic microbial biogeochemistry from two vasins in the Gulf of Maine evidence for iron and manganese reduction" 313-324, 1991

60 "Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbour sediments" 63 : 3589-3593, 1997

61 "Anaerobic biodegradation of long-chain n-alkanes under sulfate reducing conditions" Prince 32 : 2191-2195, 1998

62 "Anaerobic benzene oxidation in the Fe reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers" 32 : 1222-1229, 1998