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      토지와 건물의 관계에 관한 연구 = (A) study on relations between land and buildings

      한글로보기

      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13158582

      • 저자
      • 발행사항

        서울 : 동국대학교, 2013

      • 학위논문사항

        학위논문(박사) -- 東國大學校 大學院 , 法學科 , 2013

      • 발행연도

        2013

      • 작성언어

        한국어

      • KDC

        365.2 판사항(5)

      • DDC

        346.043 판사항(21)

      • 발행국(도시)

        서울

      • 형태사항

        v, 201 p. ; 26 cm

      • 일반주기명

        참고문헌: p. 190-197

      • DOI식별코드
      • 소장기관
        • 국립중앙도서관 국립중앙도서관 우편복사 서비스
        • 동국대학교 중앙도서관 소장기관정보
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      부가정보

      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      Article 99 of Civil Act defines “land and things firmly affixed thereto” as real estate. Due to its natural and physical nature, there is no need to define separately what land is. Its independence is acknowledged when a boundary is drawn with an artificial marker and registration to cadastral record is made. As for an artificial building, unlike land, its independence is not acknowledged by registration. Rather it is evaluated as legal real estate when the building which was merely part of land separates from land and becomes independent building. Therefore, unauthorized or unregistered building is, despite some limitation, considered as building under Civil Act when it becomes ‘independent building’.

      The independence of a legal building is important because of some issues: when a building is considered as “an independent real estate” under current Civil Act which considers land and building “independent real estate,” or whom the ownership of a building belongs to when its owner changes or if it is completed by a contractor's material and effort without a special contract. However, since current Civil Act is silent as to what degree the building should reach so as to be acknowledged as “independent building”, in the end, we cannot but help to judge based on the standard of social norm. That is we have no choice but to courts’ construction. However, since social norm is also subjective, sometimes courts make a conflicting judgment as to a building under construction.

      Since land and building are closely related in terms of space, it needs to prescribe their legality uniformly. However, current Civil Act does not provide a plan designed to maximize legal and economic utility by blocking the possibility that ownership of land and ownership of its surface building are separated and belong to different subjects of right. Therefore, in case that ownership of land and ownership of its surface building belong to different persons, it is inevitable for the conflict between the two rights to occur.

      First, to own a building presupposes use and returns of land. Civil Act is forced to provide for statutory surface rights in order to resolve issues incurring between owner of land and owner of building. However, statutory surface rights have limits in solving a variety of problems related to use and returns of land because such rights are recognized only where statutory requirements are met. Therefore, case law recognizes surface rights under common law. Surface rights under common law can be evaluated as systemic tools for rational coordination and regulation of usage relations between land and buildings. However they are just a system to force unilateral sacrifice. That is, grant of surface rights under common law results in sacrifice of land owners whereas negation of surface rights leads to sacrifice of building owners. Especially the demeanor of case law in favor of the expansion of statutory surface rights almost forces unilateral sacrifice of land owner.

      Second, the law provides that due to tendency to become real rights of right to lease of real estate, “When the object of a lease of land is to own a building, if building on such land has been registered by the lessee, the lease of land shall be effective against a third person even if such a lease of land has not been registered” (Article 622 Civil Act). It is positive to grant opposing power to lessee of land under land lease, a mere bond-holder where its surface right was registered in terms of the protection of lessee, but that brings about conflicts in interests against new land owners.

      Third, it is not limited to conflicts between land ownership and building ownership even when land and building are treated as separate real estate. Because of the existence of building, conflicts in interests may occur between building owners and mortgagee. For example, construction of building on mortgaged land is reasonable exercise of rights of a mortgager. However where such construction interferes with the realization of right to mortgage, infringement of mortgage right may be admitted. Treatment of building as a separate real estate from land may result in decrease in collateral value of land. Where building is essential part of land, infringement of right to mortgage may not occur because the right to mortgage of land is effective on building, leading to the increase in collateral value.

      Therefore, in order to resolve issues caused by dual system of land and building including regulation of Civil Act imposed against building under construction, which does not reach the concept of ‘independent building’ under social convention, land and building should be composed uniformly. Introduction of new system to change paradigm of real estate law may cause confusion. For the purpose, phased actions are needed. Land and building shall be treated uniformly, and once system is established, they shall be composed uniformly centered on land.

      The order of description of this paper is as follows.
      The first chapter introduces and describes the purpose of the study and the scope as well as its method.
      The second chapter discusses and compares the differences between oriental legislation (Japan and China) and western legislation (Roman law, German law, and the laws of the Anglo-American) in regard to the perceptions about the real estate concept of legal consideration.
      The third chapter states problems derived from the dualistic ownership system of the land and building, especially with the emphasis on the conflicts of the ownership rights on land and the building. In addition it analyzes the judicial precedents about building.
      The fourth chapter discusses institutional devices and their limitations in order to solve the problems specified in chapter three.
      The fifth chapter shows the idea to improve the relations between land and buildings.
      The sixth Chapter summarizes this paper and shows a future direction of our Civil Act to go forward.
      번역하기

      Article 99 of Civil Act defines “land and things firmly affixed thereto” as real estate. Due to its natural and physical nature, there is no need to define separately what land is. Its independence is acknowledged when a boundary is drawn with an ...

      Article 99 of Civil Act defines “land and things firmly affixed thereto” as real estate. Due to its natural and physical nature, there is no need to define separately what land is. Its independence is acknowledged when a boundary is drawn with an artificial marker and registration to cadastral record is made. As for an artificial building, unlike land, its independence is not acknowledged by registration. Rather it is evaluated as legal real estate when the building which was merely part of land separates from land and becomes independent building. Therefore, unauthorized or unregistered building is, despite some limitation, considered as building under Civil Act when it becomes ‘independent building’.

      The independence of a legal building is important because of some issues: when a building is considered as “an independent real estate” under current Civil Act which considers land and building “independent real estate,” or whom the ownership of a building belongs to when its owner changes or if it is completed by a contractor's material and effort without a special contract. However, since current Civil Act is silent as to what degree the building should reach so as to be acknowledged as “independent building”, in the end, we cannot but help to judge based on the standard of social norm. That is we have no choice but to courts’ construction. However, since social norm is also subjective, sometimes courts make a conflicting judgment as to a building under construction.

      Since land and building are closely related in terms of space, it needs to prescribe their legality uniformly. However, current Civil Act does not provide a plan designed to maximize legal and economic utility by blocking the possibility that ownership of land and ownership of its surface building are separated and belong to different subjects of right. Therefore, in case that ownership of land and ownership of its surface building belong to different persons, it is inevitable for the conflict between the two rights to occur.

      First, to own a building presupposes use and returns of land. Civil Act is forced to provide for statutory surface rights in order to resolve issues incurring between owner of land and owner of building. However, statutory surface rights have limits in solving a variety of problems related to use and returns of land because such rights are recognized only where statutory requirements are met. Therefore, case law recognizes surface rights under common law. Surface rights under common law can be evaluated as systemic tools for rational coordination and regulation of usage relations between land and buildings. However they are just a system to force unilateral sacrifice. That is, grant of surface rights under common law results in sacrifice of land owners whereas negation of surface rights leads to sacrifice of building owners. Especially the demeanor of case law in favor of the expansion of statutory surface rights almost forces unilateral sacrifice of land owner.

      Second, the law provides that due to tendency to become real rights of right to lease of real estate, “When the object of a lease of land is to own a building, if building on such land has been registered by the lessee, the lease of land shall be effective against a third person even if such a lease of land has not been registered” (Article 622 Civil Act). It is positive to grant opposing power to lessee of land under land lease, a mere bond-holder where its surface right was registered in terms of the protection of lessee, but that brings about conflicts in interests against new land owners.

      Third, it is not limited to conflicts between land ownership and building ownership even when land and building are treated as separate real estate. Because of the existence of building, conflicts in interests may occur between building owners and mortgagee. For example, construction of building on mortgaged land is reasonable exercise of rights of a mortgager. However where such construction interferes with the realization of right to mortgage, infringement of mortgage right may be admitted. Treatment of building as a separate real estate from land may result in decrease in collateral value of land. Where building is essential part of land, infringement of right to mortgage may not occur because the right to mortgage of land is effective on building, leading to the increase in collateral value.

      Therefore, in order to resolve issues caused by dual system of land and building including regulation of Civil Act imposed against building under construction, which does not reach the concept of ‘independent building’ under social convention, land and building should be composed uniformly. Introduction of new system to change paradigm of real estate law may cause confusion. For the purpose, phased actions are needed. Land and building shall be treated uniformly, and once system is established, they shall be composed uniformly centered on land.

      The order of description of this paper is as follows.
      The first chapter introduces and describes the purpose of the study and the scope as well as its method.
      The second chapter discusses and compares the differences between oriental legislation (Japan and China) and western legislation (Roman law, German law, and the laws of the Anglo-American) in regard to the perceptions about the real estate concept of legal consideration.
      The third chapter states problems derived from the dualistic ownership system of the land and building, especially with the emphasis on the conflicts of the ownership rights on land and the building. In addition it analyzes the judicial precedents about building.
      The fourth chapter discusses institutional devices and their limitations in order to solve the problems specified in chapter three.
      The fifth chapter shows the idea to improve the relations between land and buildings.
      The sixth Chapter summarizes this paper and shows a future direction of our Civil Act to go forward.

      더보기

      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • 제1장 서론 = 1
      • 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
      • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 = 3
      • Ⅰ. 연구의 범위 = 3
      • Ⅱ. 연구의 방법 = 4
      • 제1장 서론 = 1
      • 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
      • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 = 3
      • Ⅰ. 연구의 범위 = 3
      • Ⅱ. 연구의 방법 = 4
      • 제2장 토지와 건물에 대한 원칙과 입법례 = 5
      • 제1절 서설 = 5
      • 제2절 일물일권주의 = 5
      • Ⅰ. 일물일권주의(Eine Sache, ein Recht) = 5
      • Ⅱ. 사회통념에 의한 판단 = 8
      • 제3절 “지상물은 토지에 속한다”는 원칙과 입법례 = 10
      • Ⅰ. “지상물은 토지에 속한다”는 원칙 = 10
      • Ⅱ. 독일법 = 12
      • 1. 본질적 구성부분의 의의 = 12
      • 2. 토지의 정착물로서 건물 = 14
      • Ⅲ. 영미법 = 16
      • 1. 영미법의 특징 = 16
      • 2. 영국의 정착물 개념 = 17
      • 3. 미국의 정착물 개념 = 21
      • Ⅳ. 일본법 = 26
      • 1. 토지의 정착물로서 건물 = 26
      • 2. 건물과 부합 = 27
      • Ⅴ. 중국법 = 28
      • 1. 토지소유권과 토지사용권 = 28
      • 2. 건물용지사용권과 건물소유권 = 29
      • 제4절 소결 = 31
      • 제3장 토지와 건물의 이원적 체계와 그 문제점 = 33
      • 제1절 서설 = 33
      • 제2절 토지와 건물의 관계 = 34
      • Ⅰ. “토지와 그 정착물”의 관계 = 34
      • 1. 민법 제99조 제1항에 대한 검토 = 34
      • 2. 민법 제99조 제1항과 제256조에 대한 검토 = 40
      • Ⅱ. 독립한 부동산으로서의 건물 = 42
      • 1. 건물소유권의 귀속 = 42
      • 2. 건물과 등기 = 44
      • 3. 건물과 토지의 물권변동 = 46
      • 4. 건물과 토지이용권 = 46
      • 5. 건물과 일괄경매 = 55
      • 6. 무허가건물 = 59
      • Ⅲ. 축조 중인 건물 = 63
      • 1. 독립한 부동산으로 보는 시기 = 63
      • 2. 축조 중인 건물과 소유권 귀속 = 67
      • 3. 축조 중인 건물과 도급 = 68
      • 4. 축조 중인 건물과 건축주 변경 = 70
      • 제3절 토지에 관한 권리와 건물에 관한 권리의 충돌 = 82
      • Ⅰ. 법정지상권의 문제 = 82
      • 1. 법정지상권의 성립요건과 그 비판 = 82
      • 2. 관습법상 지상권의 인정 = 88
      • 3. 관습법상 지상권의 성립요건과 그 비판 = 89
      • 4. 관습법상 지상권의 법률효과와 그 평가 = 94
      • 5. 소결 = 98
      • Ⅱ. 건물등기 있는 토지임차권의 대항력 = 100
      • 1. 부동산임차권의 강화 = 100
      • 2. 민법 제622조의 입법취지 = 101
      • 3. 민법 제622조의 적용요건 = 101
      • 4. 민법 제622조에 의한 대항력 = 103
      • 5. 소결 = 104
      • Ⅲ. 건물의 축조행위와 저당권의 침해의 문제 = 104
      • 1. 저당권의 침해 = 104
      • 2. 건물의 축조와 방해배제청구권 = 105
      • 3. 건물축조의 위법성과 특별한 사정 = 107
      • 4. 저당권자가 담보지상권을 취득한 경우 = 109
      • 5. 소결 = 117
      • 제4절 그 밖의 이원적 체계로 인한 문제 = 118
      • Ⅰ. 등기부의 이원화 문제 = 118
      • Ⅱ. 부동산 거래의 문제 = 120
      • 1. 부동산 거래현실 = 120
      • 2. 손실보상과 거래현실 = 120
      • Ⅲ. 토지와 건물의 평가 문제 = 121
      • 1. 토지와 건물의 개별평가 = 121
      • 2. 토지와 건물의 일괄평가 = 122
      • 3. 검토 = 123
      • 제5절 소결 = 123
      • 제4장 이원적 체계의 문제점을 해결하기 위한 노력과 한계 = 125
      • 제1절 서설 = 125
      • 제2절 현행 민법규정의 기본태도 = 125
      • Ⅰ. 민법 제211조, 제212조의 태도 = 126
      • Ⅱ. 지상권(민법 제279조 이하)규정의 입법태도 = 129
      • Ⅲ. 민법 제621조, 제622조의 입법태도에 대한 검토 = 130
      • Ⅳ. 민법 제256조의 입법태도 -제99조와 관련하여- = 131
      • Ⅴ. 민법 제304조와 제305조, 제365조와 제366조의 태도 = 134
      • Ⅵ. 소결 = 136
      • 제3절 일괄경매청구권과 매수청구권의 인정범위의 확대시도 = 137
      • Ⅰ. 일괄경매청구권의 확대와 그 한계 = 137
      • 1. 일괄경매청구권의 의의와 기능 = 137
      • 2. 일괄경매청구권의 적용확대 = 138
      • 3. 일괄경매청구권의 확대시도의 한계 = 139
      • Ⅱ. 매수청구권의 확대와 그 한계 = 141
      • 1. 매수청구권의 의의와 기능 = 141
      • 2. 매수청구권의 적용확대 = 141
      • 3. 매수청구권의 확대시도의 한계 = 147
      • 제4절 부동산 개념의 변화경향(집합건물법을 기초로) = 149
      • Ⅰ. 부동산 개념의 변화 = 149
      • Ⅱ. 구분건물과 구분소유권 = 150
      • 1. 구분건물 = 150
      • 2. 구분소유권 = 154
      • Ⅲ. 대지와 대지사용권?대지권 = 156
      • 1. 대지(건물의 대지) = 156
      • 2. 대지사용권 = 157
      • 3. 대지권 = 158
      • Ⅳ. 전유부분과 대지사용권의 일체성 = 160
      • 1. 일체성의 의의와 제도적 취지 = 160
      • 2. 집합건물법 제20조 제1항과 제2항의 관계 = 161
      • 3. 대지사용권이 전유부분의 종된 권리 여부 = 164
      • Ⅴ. 집합건물법의 한계 = 164
      • 제5절 소결 = 166
      • 제5장 토지와 건물의 관계 개선방안 = 168
      • 제1절 서설 = 168
      • 제2절 토지와 건물의 분리처분금지 = 168
      • Ⅰ. 토지와 건물의 일괄처분 = 168
      • Ⅱ. 분리처분금지 규정 신설 = 169
      • 제3절 토지등기부와 건물등기부의 통합 = 170
      • Ⅰ. 부동산등기법의 개정 = 170
      • Ⅱ. 부동산행정정보 일원화 = 171
      • 제4절 토지와 건물의 일체적 구성 = 172
      • Ⅰ. 일체적 구성의 방식과 장점 = 172
      • 1. 일체적 구성의 방식 = 172
      • 2. 일체적 구성의 장점 = 173
      • Ⅱ. 일체적 구성과 타물권의 관계 = 175
      • 1. 점유권과의 관계 = 175
      • 2. 소유권과의 관계 = 177
      • 3. 용익물권과의 관계 = 180
      • 4. 담보물권과의 관계 = 182
      • Ⅲ. 일체적 구성과 공신력의 관계 = 183
      • 1. 공신력 인정에 대한 논의 = 183
      • 2. 공신력과 유사한 효과 = 184
      • 3. 공신력 인정에 기여 = 185
      • 제5절 소결 = 186
      • 제6장 결론 = 187
      • 참고문헌 = 190
      • ABSTRACT = 198
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