Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Emerging Brain Food for the Mitigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There is an exponential increase in dementia in old age at a global level because of increasing life expectancy. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) will continue to rise steadily, and is expected to reach 42 million cases worldwide in 2020. Despite the advancement of medication, the management of these diseases remains largely ineffective. Therefore, it is vital to explore novel nature-based nutraceuticals to mitigate AD and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Mushrooms and their extracts appear to hold many health benefits, including immune-modulating effects. A number of edible mushrooms have been shown to contain rare and exotic compounds that exhibit positive effects on brain cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize the scientific information on edible and culinary mushrooms with regard to their antidementia/AD active compounds and/or pharmacological test results. The bioactive components in these mushrooms and the underlying mechanism of their activities are discussed. In short, these mushrooms may be regarded as functional foods for the mitigation of neurodegenerative diseases.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Nevzglyadova OV, "Yeast red pigment modifies Amyloid beta growth in Alzheimer disease models in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster" 22 : 100-111, 2015

2 Lee SS, "Utilization of macrofungi by some indigenous communities for food and medicine in Peninsular Malaysia" 257 : 2062-2065, 2009

3 Phan CW, "Uridine from Pleurotus giganteus and its neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects with underlying mechanism" 10 : 1-16, 2015

4 Lee EW, "Two novel diterpenoids, erinacines H and I from the mycelia of Hericium erinaceum" 64 : 2402-2405, 2000

5 Zhang X, "Triterpenoids with neurotrophic activity from Ganoderma lucidum" 25 : 1607-, 2011

6 Tsukamoto S, "Tricholomalides A-C, new neurotrophic diterpenes from the mushroom Tricholoma sp" 66 : 1578-1581, 2003

7 Park HJ, "Tremella fuciformis enhances the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and restores trimethyltininduced impairment of memory in rats via activation of CREB transcription and cholinergic systems" 229 : 82-90, 2012

8 Oh CH, "Total synthesis of neuroprotective dictyoquinazol A, B, and C" 37 : 3311-3317, 2007

9 Phan CW, "Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: Diversity, metabolite, and mechanism" 5 : 355-368, 2014

10 Krieger DW, "Therapeutic drug approach to stimulate clinical recovery after brain injury" 32 : 76-87, 2013

11 Pinweha S, "The signaling cascades of Ganoderma lucidum extracts in stimulating nonamyloidogenic protein secretion in human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cell lines" 448 : 62-66, 2008

12 Roupas P, "The role of edible mushrooms in health: Evaluation of the evidence" 4 : 687-709, 2012

13 More SV, "The role of bioactive compounds on the promotion of neurite outgrowth" 17 : 6728-6753, 2012

14 Filli L, "The rocky road to translation in spinal cord repair" 72 : 491-501, 2012

15 Klein C, "The neuroprotector kynurenic acid increases neuronal cell survival through neprilysin induction" 70 : 254-260, 2013

16 Yue K, "The genus Cordyceps: A chemical and pharmacological review" 65 : 474-493, 2013

17 Okamura H, "The effects of Hericium erinaceus (Amyloban 3399) on sleep quality and subjective well-being among female undergraduate students: A pilot study" 4 : 76-78, 2015

18 Qu Y, "Termitomycesphins G and H, additional cerebrosides from the edible Chinese mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus" 76 : 791-793, 2012

19 Qi J, "Termitomycesphins A–D, novel neuritogenic cerebrosides from the edible Chinese mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus" 56 : 5835-5841, 2000

20 Lin S, "Submerged cultivation of mycelium with high ergothioneine content from the culinarymedicinal golden oyster mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus (higher Basidiomycetes)" 17 : 749-761, 2015

21 Allodi I, "Specificity of peripheral nerve regeneration: Interactions at the axon level" 98 : 16-37, 2012

22 Baby S, "Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma" 114 : 66-101, 2015

23 Bhumika S, "Role of thyroid hormones in different aspects of nervous system regeneration in vertebrates" 203 : 86-94, 2014

24 Wong KH, "Restoration of sensory dysfunction following peripheral nerve injury by the polysaccharide from culinary and medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. through its neuroregenerative action" 35 : 712-721, 2015

25 Lopez AD, "Remembering the forgotten non-communicable diseases" 12 : 1-19, 2014

26 Kiryushko D, "Regulators of neurite outgrowth:Role of cell adhesion molecules" 1014 : 140-154, 2004

27 Patel S, "Recent developments in mushrooms as anticancer therapeutics: A review" 2 : 1-15, 2012

28 Mortimer PE, "Prized edible Asian mushrooms: Ecology, conservation and sustainability" 56 : 31-47, 2012

29 Seow SLS, "Potentiation of neuritogenic activity of medicinal mushrooms in rat pheochromocytoma cells" 13 : 1-10, 2013

30 Phan CW, "Pleurotus giganteus (Berk.) Karunarathna & K. D. Hyde: Nutritional value and in vitro neurite outgrowth activity in rat pheochromocytoma cells" 12 : 1-11, 2012

31 Wong KH, "Peripheral nerve regeneration following crush injury to rat peroneal nerve by aqueous extract of medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr)Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)" 9 : 1-10, 2010

32 Ishimoto T, "Organic cation transporter-mediated ergothioneine uptake in mouse neural progenitor cells suppresses proliferation and promotes differentiation into neurons" 9 : e89434-, 2014

33 Hardy G, "Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Introduction and meaning" 16 : 688-697, 2000

34 Moldavan M, "Neurotropic and trophic action of Lion’s Mane mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)extracts on nerve cells in vitro" 9 : 15-28, 2007

35 Li Q, "Neuropeptide Y protects cerebral cortical neurons by regulating microglial immune function" 9 : 959-967, 2014

36 Qi J, "Neuritogenic cerebrosides from an edible Chinese mushroom. Part 2: Structures of two additional termitomycesphins and activity enhancement of an inactive cerebroside by hydroxylation" 9 : 2171-2177, 2001

37 Wasilewska-Sampaio AP, "Neuritogenesis and neuronal differentiation promoted by 2,4-dinitrophenol, a novel anti-amyloidogenic compound" 19 : 1627-1636, 2005

38 Phan CW, "Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3" 13 : 1-10, 2013

39 Mori K, "Nerve growth factor-inducing activity of Hericium erinaceus in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells" 31 : 1727-1732, 2008

40 Jin D, "Mycelial extract of Cordyceps ophioglossoides prevents neuronal cell death and ameliorates b-amyloid peptide-induced memory deficits in rats" 27 : 1126-1129, 2004

41 Housden CR, "Modelling the economic impact of cantab use in UK primary care in the dementia diagnostic pathway" 10 : 435-436, 2014

42 Perry E, "Medicinal plants and dementia therapy:Herbal hopes for brain aging?" 17 : 683-698, 2011

43 Wasser SP, "Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides" 60 : 258-274, 2002

44 Preuss HG, "Maitake mushroom extracts ameliorate progressive hypertension and other chronic metabolic perturbations in aging female rats" 7 : 169-180, 2010

45 Nishina A, "Lysophosphatidylethanolamine in Grifola frondosa as a neurotrophic activator via activation of MAPK" 47 : 1434-1443, 2006

46 Eik LF, "Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden: A medicinal mushroom that stimulates neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells" 2012 : 320308-, 2012

47 Seow SLS, "Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden mimics the neuritogenic activity of nerve growth factor via MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in PC-12 cells" 5 : 1-13, 2015

48 Xu SL, "Isorhamnetin, a flavonol aglycone from Ginkgo biloba L., induces neuronal differentiation of cultured PC12 cells: Potentiating the effect of nerve growth factor" 2012 : 1-11, 2012

49 Mori K, "Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial" 23 : 367-372, 2009

50 Fu H, "Immunomodulatory activities on RAW 264.7 macrophages of a polysaccharide from veiled lady mushroom, Dictyophora indusiata (Higher Basidiomycetes)" 17 : 151-160, 2015

51 Khan MA, "Hericium erinaceus:An edible mushroom with medicinal values" 10 : 1-6, 2013

52 Wang M, "Hericium erinaceus (Yamabushitake): A unique resource for developing functional foods and medicines" 5 : 3055-3064, 2014

53 Kim SP, "Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) mushroom extracts inhibit metastasis of cancer cells to the lung in CT-26 colon cancer-tansplanted mice" 61 : 4898-4904, 2013

54 Phan CW, "Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr) Pers. cultivated under tropical conditions: Isolation of hericenones and demonstration of NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways" 5 : 3160-3169, 2014

55 Kawagishi H, "Hericenones C, D and E, stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis, from the mushroom Hericium erinaceum" 32 : 4561-4564, 1991

56 Gundimeda U, "Green tea polyphenols potentiate the action of nerve growth factor to induce neuritogenesis: Possible role of reactive oxygen species" 88 : 3644-3655, 2010

57 Wong JY, "Gastroprotective effects of Lion’s Mane mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) extract against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats" 2013 : 1-9, 2013

58 Tan WC, "Ganoderma neojaponicum Imazeki revisited: Domestication study and antioxidant properties of its basidiocarps and mycelia" 5 : 1-10, 2015

59 Li C, "Ganoderic acid Sz, a new lanostanoid from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum" 19 : 461-465, 2005

60 Allen SJ, "GDNF, NGF and BDNF as therapeutic options for neurodegeneration" 138 : 155-175, 2013

61 Wong KH, "Functional recovery enhancement following injury to rodent peroneal nerve by lions mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)" 11 : 225-236, 2009

62 Nakamichi N, "Food-derived hydrophilic antioxidant ergothioneine is distributed to the brain and exerts antidepressant effect in mice" 6 : 00477-, 2016

63 Kawagishi H, "Erinacines E, F, and G, stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis, from the mycelia of Hericium erinaceum" 37 : 7399-7402, 1996

64 Kawagishi H, "Erinacines A, B and C, strong stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis, from the mycelia of Hericium erinaceum" 35 : 1569-1572, 1994

65 Kawagishi H, "Erinacine D, a stimulator of NGF-synthesis, from the mycelia of Hericium erinaceum" 2 : 51-54, 1996

66 Shimbo M, "Erinacine A increases catecholamine and nerve growth factor content in the central nervous system of rats" 25 : 617-623, 2005

67 Song TY, "Ergothioneine and melatonin attenuate oxidative stress and protect against learning and memory deficits in C57BL/6J mice treated with D-galactose" 48 : 1049-1060, 2014

68 Peng J, "Effects of cordycepin on the microglia-overactivation-induced impairments of growth and development of hippocampal cultured neurons" 10 : 1-18, 2015

69 Park YS, "Effect of an exo-polysaccharide from the culture broth of Hericium erinaceus on enhancement of growth and differentiation of rat adrenal nerve cells" 39 : 155-162, 2002

70 Kim J, "Effect of Tremella fuciformis on the neurite outgrowth of PC12h cells and the improvement of memory in rats" 30 : 708-714, 2007

71 Abdullah N, "Domestication of a wild medicinal sclerotial mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke)Ryvarden" 47 : 256-261, 2013

72 Kawagishi H, "Dictyophorines A and B, two stimulators of NGF-synthesis from the mushroom Dictyophora indusiata" 45 : 1203-1205, 1997

73 Aggarwal BB, "Curcumin:The Indian solid gold" 595 : 1-75, 2007

74 이봄비, "Cordyceps Militaris Improves Neurite Outgrowth in Neuro2A Cells and Reverses Memory Impairment in Rats" 한국식품과학회 20 (20): 1599-1608, 2011

75 Tuli HS, "Cordycepin: A bioactive metabolite with therapeutic potential" 93 : 863-869, 2013

76 Ko BS, Lu YJ, Yao WL, "Cordycepin regulates GSK-3b/bcatenin signaling in human leukemia cells" 8 : 1-7, 2013

77 John PA, "Combination effects of curcumin and aqueous extract of Lignosus rhinocerotis mycelium on neurite outgrowth stimulation activity in PC-12cells" 8 : 711-714, 2013

78 Kawagishi H, "Chromans, Hericenones F,G andH fromthe mushroom Hericium erinaceum" 32 : 175-178, 1993

79 Ren L, "Antitumor activity of mushroom polysaccharides: A review" 3 : 1118-1130, 2012

80 Gunawardena D, "Antiinflammatory effects of five commercially available mushroom species determined in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-c activated murine macrophages" 148 : 92-96, 2014

81 Lai CSW, "Antagonizing beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity of the anti-aging fungus Ganoderma lucidum" 1190 : 215-224, 2008

82 Wong KH, "Activity of aqueous extracts of Lion’s Mane mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) on the neural cell line NG108-15" 9 : 57-65, 2007

83 Leeds PR, "A new avenue for lithium:Intervention in traumatic brain injury" 5 : 422-433, 2014