Coupled dynamics in soil : experimental and numerical studies of energy, momentum and mass transfer

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 General Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Scientific Background = 1
• 1.1.1 Soil Moisture = 1
• 1.1.2 Land Surface Models and Data Assimilation System = 2
• 1.1.3 A Brief History of Hydrological Data Assimilation = 3
• 1.2 Problem Statement = 4
• 1.2.1 Enhanced Vapor Transport = 5
• 1.2.2 LSMs Performance = 6
• 1.2.3 Problem Definition = 8
• 1.3 Statement of Objectives = 8
• 1.4 The Proposed Procedure = 9
• 1.5 Structure of the Thesis = 10
• References = 10
• 2 Diurnal Pattern of Coupled Moisture and Heat Transport Process = 17
• 2.1 Introduction = 17
• 2.2 Materials and Methods = 19
• 2.2.1 In Situ Setup = 19
• 2.2.2 Field Data = 20
• 2.2.3 Model Description = 20
• 2.2.4 Soil Characteristics Data = 22
• 2.2.5 Initial and Boundary Conditions = 24
• 2.3 Simulation Results = 24
• 2.4 Discussion = 27
• 2.4.1 Temperature and Temperature Gradients Fields = 28
• 2.4.2 Non-isothermal Flux Fields = 29
• 2.4.3 Matric Potential and Its Gradient Field = 32
• 2.4.4 Isothermal Flux Fields = 34
• 2.4.5 Soil Water Dynamics = 35
• 2.5 Brief Summary = 36
• References = 37
• 3 Application of Diurnal Soil Water Dynamics in Determining Effective Precipitation = 41
• 3.1 Introduction = 41
• 3.2 Materials and Methods = 43
• 3.2.1 Study Site Description = 43
• 3.2.2 Experimental Design and Data Collection = 44
• 3.3 Soil Water Balance Model = 45
• 3.3.1 Model Description = 45
• 3.3.2 Material Properties = 45
• 3.3.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions = 48
• 3.4 Results and Discussion = 49
• 3.4.1 Model Verification = 49
• 3.4.2 Determination of the Drying Front = 51
• 3.4.3 Determination of Effective Infiltration = 56
• 3.5 Brief Summary = 57
• References = 58
• 4 Two-Phase Mass and Heat Flow Model = 61
• 4.1 Introduction = 61
• 4.2 Model Description = 63
• 4.2.1 Governing Equations = 64
• 4.2.2 Constitutive Equations = 69
• 4.2.3 Numerical Approach = 76
• 4.3 Numerical Model Discussion = 78
• 4.3.1 Air Phase Transport Part = 78
• 4.3.2 Simultaneous Mass and Heat Transport Part = 79
• 4.4 Model Verification = 84
• 4.4.1 Case of TV86 = 84
• 4.4.2 Case of Milly(1982) = 86
• 4.5 Numerical Analysis = 88
• 4.5.1 Influence of Airflow in Milly's Case = 88
• 4.5.2 Influence of Heat Flow in TV86's Case = 90
• 4.6 Brief Summary = 93
• References = 93
• 5 How Airflow Affects Soil Water Dynamics = 99
• 5.1 Introduction = 99
• 5.2 Field Application = 100
• 5.2.1 Boundary Conditions = 101
• 5.2.2 Meteorological Forcing Data = 101
• 5.2.3 Model Validation = 103
• 5.2.4 Comparisons with Evaporation Measurement = 105
• 5.3 Results and Analysis = 107
• 5.3.1 Advective Effect on Evaporation = 107
• 5.3.2 Driving Forces Considering Airflow = 108
• 5.3.3 Comparison of Driving Forces and Conductivities = 110
• 5.4 Brief Summary = 117
• References = 119
• 6 Impact of Model Physics on Retrieving Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature = 123
• 6.1 Introduction = 123
• 6.1.1 Reviews of Previous Work = 123
• 6.1.2 Motivation = 124
• 6.1.3 Focus of Chapter = 125
• 6.2 Methodologies = 125
• 6.2.1 Model Formulations = 125
• 6.2.2 DM and DMV = 130
• 6.2.3 Ensemble Transformation Kalman Filter(ETKF) = 132
• 6.3 Data Assimilation Setup = 133
• 6.3.1 Field Data = 134
• 6.3.2 Model Calibration = 134
• 6.3.3 Filter Calibration = 138
• 6.4 Results and Analysis = 143
• 6.4.1 Effect of Temporal Observation Interval = 143
• 6.4.2 Effect of Surface Temperature Observation = 149
• 6.4.3 Effect of Assimilation with Soil Moisture Only = 151
• 6.5 Brief Summary = 152
• References = 153
• 7 Concluding Remarks = 159
• 7.1 Results = 159
• 7.2 Limitations = 161
• 7.3 Discussion and Future Work = 162
• References = 163