시진핑시기 중국외교정책 분석－역할이론을 중심으로－ = Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping: Focused on Role Theory

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

China is often seen as a threat to global security. Significant others including the US, Japan and the ASEAN nations have seen China’s role as that of an aggressive actor. China’s Peaceful Rise was a direct response to the China threat theory. China’s Peaceful Rise, later given the title China’s Peaceful Development was an attempt to present a different view of China’s future role within international relations and to present China as a responsible great power. China can play both the role of an aggressive actor and of a responsible actor. The fact that China plays both roles can be explained by the development of its historical self and by international expectations of China’s role in the world. Within the development of China’s contemporary role, the historical self conceptualizes China as a central power. This historical self also creates a very strict understanding of the limits of those territories and has created a role for China that can often be contradictory. China is attempting to play the role of a responsible great power in global governance. This can be seen by its increased activity, in particular in global security responses. There is a domestic expectation that China should play a greater role in global affairs, and an external expectation that China should become a responsible great power and assume some of the burden of insuring global peace and security.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구의 목적은 역할이론(Role Theory)에 기초하여 시진핑 시기 중국의 국가역할과 외교정책을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 역할이론의 국제관계에서의 발전과 주요 개념을 분석하고, 이를 통해 중국의 국가역할의 변화과정을 고찰하며, 국내적 및 국제적 기대에 기초하여 시진핑(習近平) 시기 외교정책을 고찰한다. 특히 시진핑의 집권을 알리는 18차 당대회 정치보고에서 공식적으로 명기된 ‘강대국 역할’에 주목하여, 이를 통해 중국의 외교정책 행위들이 다양한 역할을 수행하고 있으며, 이 역할들이 변화하고 있음을 밝히고자 한다. 그리고 중국 국가역할의 국내적 요인으로서 역사적 자기(historical self)와 국제적 요소로서 역할부여(altercasting)을 통해 ‘중국의 꿈’ 실현을 위한 외교와 ‘신형대국관계’를 살펴본다. 중국이 1949년 건국이후 지금까지 국제관계에서 3가지 형태, 즉 사회주의 국가, 개발도상국, 강대국 등의 ‘기본적 국가역할’(master national role)을 수행하고 있다. 시진핑 주석은 기존의 사회주의 대국, 최대의 개발도상국이외에 강대국 지위를 새롭게 강조한 개념인 ‘책임대국’ 혹은 ‘신형대국’의 역할을 제시하고 있다. 그리고 이를 통해 중국은 이러한 역할 변화와 다양한 역할 부여를 도모하면서 자신의 대외정책 행위에 유연성을 부여하고 있다. 특히 ‘중국의 꿈’ 실현을 위한 외교를 강조하면서 과거 치욕의 역사를 극복하고 군사강국, 문화강국, 과학기술강국, 해양강국을 건설하여 국제무대에서 책임대국으로서 역할을 수행할 것이라고 역설하고 있다. 이러한 중국 국가역할 형성에 역사적 자기(historical self)로서 과거 역사적 치욕 극복, 사회주의 이념, 타자 특히 미국의 역할기대와 규정이 작용하고 있다.

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