혼례가 (свадебные песни) 분석을 통한 러시아 농민공동체의 정체성 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

전통적으로 러시아인들은 노래의 삶을 살아갔다. 여러 의례 속에서 뿐만 아니라, 농경생활의 근간이 되는 노동을 통해서도 노래는 이들에게 매우 친숙한 장르였다. 그 중에서도 인간 삶의 큰 전환기를 이루는 혼례식 과정에서 불렸던 전통 혼례가 (свадебные песни)는 러시아적인 삶의 방식과 문화를 읽어낼 수 있는 표본의 역할을 한다. 러시아의 전통 농민문화에서 혼례는 개인의 문제이기 보다는 마을 전체의 행사요, 그렇기 때문에 마을 집단 전체가 관여하였고 전체의 관심사와 이해관계를 드러냈던 ‘집단의 텍스트’이기도 하였다. 본 연구는 의례가 (обрядовые песни) 장르 가운데 하나인 혼례가의 텍스트, 즉 노랫말을 분석함으로써 노래 속에 들어있는 러시아 농민 공동체의 삶과 집단적 사고 방식의 특징을 살펴보는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 농민 공동체가 지녀온 수 백년 간의 세월과 집단의 기억, 문화 유형 분석의 기본 단위라 할 수 있는 문화소의 중요한 기준으로서 혼례가 분석은 농민 공동체의 정체성 파악에 주된 접근방법이 된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The most important times in the lives of village peasants were invariably communal events: births, marriages, and deaths, plagues, or famines, droughts or unusually prosperous years, celebrations or bereavement—these occasions all brought them together “in some collective manifestation.” Folklore, the cultural equipment of village life, was one of the means by which communities or individuals could attempt to ease of the cruel burdens imposed on them. In short, folklore helped to bind villages together through its network of regulations that applied to all, making individual actions of common concern. Due to the importance of collectivity, Russian wedding laments cannot be properly understood without paying close attention to their social contexts, as Halbwachs writes. Collective memory, of which laments are a part, originates from shared communication about the meaning of the past—meaning that is anchored in the experience and words of individuals who partake in the life of the respective collective. Collective memory, thus, is based on a society’s inventory of signs and symbols and serves as a unique language for expressing the shared experience of a community. It is in this way that wedding laments and rituals were forms of oral communication, propagating the ideals of the peasant commune, as well as the collective normative values of Russian peasant culture that were passed down from generation to generation. This study’s primary concern is to present the a “collective landscape” of the mindsets of Russian peasants through the laments and rituals of their wedding ceremonies. In this regard, the present article demonstrates that the laments practiced in peasants’ wedding ceremonies were the most crucial vehicle in oral genres for representing the “collective memory” or “collective peasant soul,” epitomized in the term of the so-called Russkaia dusha. This paper also examines how Russian peasants led their lives with the help of rituals (as symbolic representation) and laments (as a fundamental text for ritual life).

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