국내 생태계에서 주요 GM작물과 근연종 간의 자연 교잡 가능성 = Natural Hybridization between GM Crops and Relative Species in the Korean Ecosystem

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Natural hybridization between genetically modified (GM) crops and their relatives is the first gateway for introgression to the ecosystem and consequent environmental risk. Therefore, we review the related information on transgene flow from GM crops to their relatives in the Korean ecosystem, such as introduced traits, reproductive characteristics, endemic relatives, and the gene flow occurrence of major GM crops. Besides non-GM cultivars, wild soybean, seven Brassicaceae species, and weedy rice are distributed nationwide in Korea. The maximum gene flow rate from GM to wild soybean was reported at 0.292%. The maximum gene flow rates from GM oilseed rape to Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa were 0.076% and 1.2%, respectively. The hybridization rate from GM to weedy rice was generally less than 0.05% but ranged up to 4.2%. Because there are no wild or weedy relatives of GM maize and cotton in Korea, the gene flow to their relatives is expected to be relatively low. Our review suggests that the transgenes of GM soybean, oilseed rape, and rice can be introgressed into their cultivated, wild or weedy relatives by pollen-mediated gene flow, and may persist in the ecosystem depending on the fitness of the hybrid progenies.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 주요 GM작물의 유전자이동에 의한 환경위해성에 대한 이해와 관리 전략 수립을 위한 정보를 제공하고자수행되었으며, 세계 4대 GM작물인 콩, 유채, 옥수수, 면화 및 국내 주곡 작물인 벼의 도입형질, 생식 특성, 교잡가능 근연종 및 국내 분포하는 근연종과의 교잡율 등에 관한 자료를 수집·분석하여 고찰하였다. 콩은 국내 원산인 작물로서 일년생 야생종인 돌콩이 전국적으로 자생하고 있으며, 국내 포장조건에서 GM콩과 돌콩 간 교잡은 최대 0.292%이었다. GM 유채는 종간 교잡이 가능한 갓, 양배추 및 배추와 속간 교잡이 가능한 모래냉이, 소래풀, 서양무아재비 및 무 등 7종의근연종이 국내에서 재배 또는 자생한다. 국내 농업환경 조건에서 수행한 실험에서 GM유채와 근연종 간 최대 교잡율은 갓, 배추에서 각각 0.076% 및 1.2%에 달하였다. GM벼는 교잡이 가능한 재배벼가 광범위하게 재배되고 있으며, 잡초성벼가 자생한다. 야외 포장에서 GM벼로부터 잡초성 벼(앵미)로의 유전자 이동율은 대체로 0.05% 미만이었으나, 최대4.2%의 교잡율이 보고되기도 하였다. GM옥수수 및 면화는 국내에 교잡 가능한 야생 근연종이 분포하지 않으므로 상대적으로 유전자이동에 의한 생태계 침투 가능성이 낮을 것으로 예상된다. 종합적으로 GM콩, GM유채, GM벼의 경우 도입유전자가 국내 생태계에 분포하는 근연 재배종, 야생종 또는 잡초종으로 이동 가능하며, 교잡후대종의 적응성에 따라 국내 생태계에 지속할 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

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