The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world, and the government’s role in responding to it has changed dramatically. In particular, most countries have adopted policies to increase fiscal spending as social inequality increased in the situation of ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world, and the government’s role in responding to it has changed dramatically. In particular, most countries have adopted policies to increase fiscal spending as social inequality increased in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused major socio-economic changes across borders. Expanded fiscal policy is one of policies to solve the COVID-19 pandemic, but policy intervention is bound to vary depending on the fiscal soundness of the country. The degree of expansionary fiscal policy intervention is inevitably different between countries that properly manage the government debt ratio to GDP, and this study aims to compare and evaluate the level of government financial intervention in considering the COVID-19 pandemic according to national fiscal soundness.
Focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic, this study attempted to check how the government debt-to-GDP ratio has affected national expenditure to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic through comparison between countries. Furthermore, the author tried to analyze whether there is a difference in impact depending on the relative fiscal soundness level between several countries. National expenditure to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic was defined as the sum of subsidies and social benefits items among the expenditure details of each country reported by the IMF. Subsidies include subsidies for salaries and labor, subsidies for exports and imports, and subsidies for producers’ losses, and social benefits typically include unemployment benefits. In addition, The author defined the level of appropriate fiscal soundness as the average of the ratio of government debt to GDP in 2020 to analyze the diversity between countries, including the level suggested in previous studies.
The data used in this study were reprocessed by the IMF and World Bank, comprising eight years from 2013 to 2020. However, the ratio of government debt to GDP, economic growth rate, and GNI per capita are data for the same eight years, but they represent values from 2012 to 2019. There were 196 countries included in the first data collected, but it finally included 77 countries in the analysis, excluding missing values. 77 countries will be 38 OECD member countries and 39 non-OECD member countries. In addition, the panel GLS method, fixed effect model of panel data, and random effect model were considered for analysis.
As a result of the hypothesis test of this study, it was found that the positive(+) effect of the government debt level on social expenditure weakened(-) during the corona pandemic. This means that, compared to the pre-pandemic situation, countries with a higher national debt-to-GDP ratio during the COVID-19 pandemic have a lower share of social spending to overcome the crisis. In addition, in countries with low fiscal soundness, the relationship in which crisis weakens(-) the positive(+) impact of the national debt level on social expenditure was further weakened(-). In other words, countries with a relatively low level of fiscal soundness showed a greater reduction in social spending to respond to the crisis when the ratio of government debt-to-GDP was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Therefore, this study is meaningful in that it analyzed the relationship between the degree of government debt-to-GDP ratio and national social expenditure to overcome the crisis, and it has policy implications that it is necessary to respond to or prevent additional financial expenditure inevitably occurring in the crisis.