미국로인(美國老人)의 소득규모(所得規模)와 구성(構成)에 있어서의 남녀차이(男女差異) = Gender Differences in Income Amount and Composition of American Elderly

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 硏究는 일터와 家庭에서의 男女간의 역할수행의 差異가 美國人의 老後의 經濟的 資源에 어떠한 影響力을 갖고 있는가를 1987~`88년에 걸쳐 위스코닌 대학에서 실시한 『가구 및 가족조사』자료를 분석하여 밝혀보고자 하였다. 첫째로 所得規模와 構成에 있어서 男女老人 사이에 어떠한 차이가 있는가를 살펴보았다. 분석결과 (1) 女子老人의 個人所得額은 男子老人이 갖고있는 個人所得의 절반이며, (2) 女子老人 들의 貧困經驗率이 훨씬 높으며, (3) 女子老人의 家口所得에 대한 寄興度가 낮고, (4) 女子老人들이 社會保障所得에 과도하게 의존하고 있는 반면, 그들의 年金所得 依存度는 낮은 것으로 밝혀졌다.
둘째로 男子老人들과 女子老人들의 所得規模와 構成에 유의한 영향력을 갖고 있는 變數들이 동일한가를 검토하였다. 분석결과, 男女老人 모두에게 敎育水準이나 人種과 같은 背景變數가 所得의 規模에 지속적인 影響力을 갖고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 일과 家族과 연관된 變數는 男女老人에게 상이한 影響力을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 男子老人들에게는 背景的 變數와 더불어 일과 관련된 變數들이 유의미한 決定要因임에 비하여, 家族과 관련된 변수들은 큰 影響力을 갖지 못한다. 반면에 女子老人들의 所得規模와 構成에 있어서는 일이 아니라 家族生活이 큰 影響力을 갖고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study documents gender differences among American elderly based on income using the data gathered from the National Survey of Families and Households. The major findings of this study can be grouped into several points. The first finding is that elderly women as a whole have a lower income level than elderly men. Elderly women have only half of elderly men`s personal income and elderly women have a higher incidence of poverty than elderly men. For both Social Security income and pension income, gender differences among the elderly are statistically significant except for the never-married elderly. Elderly men have not only more Social Security income but also more pension income than elderly women, again except for the never-married.
Second, for both elderly men and elderly women, the background variables of education level and race have tremendous effects on income amount. This finding suggests that pre-retirement stratification continues into later life.
Third, in addition to background variables, the impact of marital status is not only substantial but also different for elderly men and women. Above all, marriage benefits the elderly where income is concerned. On the other hand, widowhood and divorce have different effects on elderly men and women. For elderly men, widowhood and divorce do not significantly reduce their economic resources. Widowed or divorced women, however, have less household income and higher incidence of poverty than elderly women with a husband.
Finally, for elderly women，work patterns seem to have only minor effects: only pension income is significantly influenced by the degree of their previous labor force participation. For elderly men, the socio-economic index score and work duration have big a correlation with Social Security income and pension income.
In sum, for elderly men, background variables, socio-economic index score, and work duration are inportant determinants； family life does not have meaningful effects on their income On the other hand, family life rather than work life has a tremendous inpact on the income of elderly women.