대학생용 기업가정신 성향지표 및 역량지표의 개발과 타당화 = Development and Validation of Indicators to Measure Entrepreneurial Mindset and Competency Scales for College Students

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of the study is to operationally define entrepreneurial mindset and competencies needed for college students while developing measurement scales to measure them. The focus of the entrepreneurship education for college student should lie in entrepreneurship as the momentum of value-creation and value- cumulation ability including progressive mindset and actions as well as personal attributes. Hence, the study developed the Entrepreneurial Mindset scale and the Entrepreneurial Competency scale based on literature. The Entrepreneurial Mindset is composed of five sub-factors (i.e., innovativeness, need for achievement, risk -taking, autonomy, and proactiveness) with 19 measurement items while the Entrepreneurial Competency scale is made up of four sub-factors (i.e., problem-solving competency, interpersonal competency, idea- creating competency, and knowledge on business). A total of 317 college students’ responses to the online Survey including the Entrepreneurial Mindset and Competency Scales were collected for data analyses. We conducted analyses on internal-consistency reliability and found adequacy score reliability for both scales. We also collected the evidences for structural validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The initial correlated five-factor model was supported for the Entrepreneurial Mindset scale. For the Entrepreneurial Competency scale, the correlated four-factor model with the correlations between two pairs of items was supported. In addition, both scales have significant correlations with the three-levels of entrepreneurial intention as the evidence for predictive validity. Interestingly both scales have higher predictability as the level of entrepreneurial intention gets higher. Our expectation is that the developed and validated Entrepreneurial Mindset and Competency Scales are widely used for screening and measuring college students’ level of entrepreneurship while being utilized for entrepreneurial curriculum development. We discussed the contributions and limitations of the study while providing suggestions for future studies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 성태제, "현대교육평가" 학지사 2014

2 김용태, "체험형 창업강좌와 이론형 창업강좌 학습자간의창업동기, 기업가정신 및 창업의지 비교 연구" 한국벤처창업학회 13 (13): 49-58, 2018

3 황인표, "지역벤처기업의 Entrepreneurship과 사회적 책임에 관한 실태분석" 국제지역학회 11 (11): 734-758, 2007

4 김선우, "이공계 대학의 창업교육 혁신방안" 과학기술정책연구원 2014

5 이순묵, "요인분석의 기초" 교육과학사 2000

6 이채원, "새로운 모색과 창조:기업가정신 위크북" 중소기업청, (재)한국청년기업가정신재단 2014

7 김재형, "대학생의 기업가정신과 창업의도와의 관계 연구: 창업실패두려움의 매개효과를 중심으로" 한국벤처창업학회 13 (13): 73-82, 2018

8 이영진, "대학생을 대상으로 한 기업가정신 교육 프로그램 분석" 36 : 87-108, 2018

9 김종년, "기업가정신과 지역발전: 이론적 접근" 산업연구원 2006

10 김용태, "기업가정신 측정지표 개발에 관한 연구" 89-95, 2015

11 김진수, "기업가정신 역량 평가지표 개발" 중소기업청 2009

12 이현숙, "기업가정신 교육설계" 중소기업청 2012

13 이현숙, "국민의식과 사회문제 해결 대안으로서의 기업가정신 탐색" 한국경영학회 20 (20): 277-296, 2016

14 홍세희, "구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거" 19 (19): 161-177, 2000

15 Sexton, D. L., "Validation of an innovative teaching approach for entrepreneurship courses" 12 (12): 11-22, 1986

16 Scherpenzeel, A. C., "The validity and reliability of survey questions : A meta-analysis of MTMM studies" 25 (25): 341-383, 1997

17 Dess, G. G., "The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship" 19 (19): 147-156, 2005

18 Shane, S., "The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research" 25 (25): 217-226, 2000

19 Kreiser, P. M., "The influence of changes in social capital on firm founding activities" 37 (37): 539-568, 2013

20 Gibb, A. A., "The enterprise culture and education : Understanding enterprise education and its links with small business, entrepreneurship and wider educational goals" 11 (11): 11-34, 1993

21 Kuratko, D. F., "The emergence of entrepreneurship education : Development, trends, and challenges" 29 (29): 577-598, 2005

22 Vogel, R., "The dynamic capability view in strategic management : A bibliometric review" 15 (15): 426-446, 2013

23 Miller, D., "The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms" 29 (29): 770-791, 1983

24 World Economic Forum, "The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010" World Economic Forum 2009

25 Bartlett, M. . S., "Tests of significance in factor analysis" 3 (3): 77-85, 1950

26 Popham, W. J., "Test better, teach better: The instructional role of assessment" ASCD 2003

27 Covin, J. G., "Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments" 10 (10): 75-87, 1989

28 Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences" Routledge 2013

29 Podsakoff, P. M., "Self-reports in organizational research : Problems and prospects" 12 (12): 531-544, 1986

30 Razavi, T., "Self-report measures: An overview of concerns and limitations of questionnaire use in occupational stress research"

31 Nunally, J. C., "Psychometric theory" McGraw-Hill 1978

32 Kline, R. B., "Principles and practice of structural equation modeling" Guilford 115-170, 2005

33 Beavers, A. S., "Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research" 18 : 1-13, 2013

34 Keh, H. T., "Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions : The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs" 27 (27): 125-148, 2002

35 Timmons, J., "New venture creations" Irwin 1990

36 Kaiser, H. F., "Little jiffy, mark IV" 34 (34): 111-117, 1974

37 Miller, D., "Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms : two models of strategic momentum" 3 (3): 1-25, 1982

38 Drucker, P. F., "Innovation and entrepreneurship" Harper and Row 1985

39 김세영, "IPA 기법을 활용한 공학계열 여대생의 기업가정신 인식 및 교육요구도 분석" 한국공학교육학회 20 (20): 43-51, 2017

40 Fayolle, A., "Handbook of research on entrepreneurship: What we know and what we need to know in the field of entrepreneurship" Edward Elgar Publishing 2014

41 Martin, B., "Handbook of research on entrepreneurship" Edward Elgar Publishing 2014

42 Jennings, D. F., "Functioning modeling corporate entrepreneurship : An empirical integrative analysis" 15 : 485-502, 1989

43 Potishuk, V., "Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial attitudes in higher education" 20 (20): 658-668, 2017

44 Harris, M. L., "Examining the entrepreneurial attitudes of US business students" 50 (50): 568-581, 2008

45 Lackéus, M., "Entrepreneurship in education: what, why, when, how. Background paper" OECD Publishing 2015

46 Garavan, T., "Entrepreneurship education and training programmes : A review and evaluation" 18 (18): 3-12, 1994

47 Henry, C., "Entrepreneurship education and training : Can entrepreneurship be taught? Part I" 47 (47): 98-111, 2005

48 Honig, B., "Entrepreneurship education : Toward a model of contingency-based business planning" 3 (3): 258-273, 2004

49 Mwasalwiba, E. S., "Entrepreneurship education : A review of its objectives, teaching methods and impact indicators" 52 : 20-47, 2010

50 Gibb, A. A., "Entrepreneurship and small business management: Can we afford to neglect them in the twenty-first century business school?" 7 (7): 309-321, 1996

51 Fisher, S. L., "Entrepreneurial learning: Conceptual frameworks and applications" Routledge Taylor &Francis Group 2008

52 Gatewood, E. J., "Entrepreneurial expectancy, task effort, and performance" 27 (27): 187-206, 2002

53 Gunzel-Jensen, F., "Effectuation in the undergraduate classroom: Three barriers to entrepreneurial learning" 59 (59): 780-790, 2017

54 Hu, L. T., "Cutoff criteria for fit index in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" 6 (6): 1-55, 1999

55 Lee, S. M., "Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness" 35 (35): 401-416, 2000

56 Zahra, S. A., "Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship : A longitudinal analysis" 10 (10): 43-58, 1995

57 Brown, T. A., "Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research" Guilford Publications 2014

58 Kirzner, I., "Competition and entrepreneurship" The University of Chicago Press 1978

59 Lumpkin, G. T., "Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance" 21 (21): 135-172, 1996

60 Sarasvathy, S. D., "Causation and effectuation : Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency" 26 (26): 243-263, 2001

61 Baron, R. A., "Beyond social capital : The role of entrepreneurs’ social competence in their financial success" 18 : 41-60, 2003

62 Anderson, L. W., "Assessing affective characteristics in the schools" Routledge 2013

63 Kraiger, K., "Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation" 78 (78): 311-328, 1993

64 Heinonen, J., "An entrepreneurial‐directed approach to entrepreneurship education:mission impossible?" 25 (25): 80-94, 2006

65 Venkataraman, S., "Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth" JAI Press 1997

66 Bloodgood, H. M., "Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth" JAI Press 1995

67 Mäkimurto-Koivumaa, S., "About, for, in or through entrepreneurship in engineering education" 512-529, 2015

68 Ghina, A., "A systematic framework for entrepreneurship education within a university context" 7 (7): 1-19, 2014

69 Haynie, J. M., "A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset" 25 (25): 217-229, 2010

70 Lans, T., "A research agenda for entrepreneurship education" Edward Elgar Publishing 2018

71 Cohen, J., "A power primer" 112 (112): 155-, 1992

72 Saris, W. E., "A new approach to evaluating the quality of measurement instruments : The split‐ballot MTMM design" 34 (34): 311-347, 2004

73 Shane, S. A., "A general theory of entrepreneurship : The individual-opportunity nexus" Edward Elgar Publishing 2003

74 Jones, C., "A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education" 46 (46): 416-423, 2004

75 Covin, J. G., "A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as a firm behavior" 16 : 7-25, 1991