Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints and extra-articular manifestations. Recent studies have shown that microorganisms affect RA pathogenesis. However, few studies have examined the mi...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints and extra-articular manifestations. Recent studies have shown that microorganisms affect RA pathogenesis. However, few studies have examined the microbial distribution of early RA patients, particularly female patients. In the present study, the gut microbiota profile and microbial functions in early RA female patients, including preclinical and clinically apparent RA cases, were assessed. Changes in microbiological diversity, composition, and function in each group were analyzed using quantitative insights into microbial ecology (QIIME) and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt). The results revealed the dysbiosis due to decreased diversity in the early RA patients compared with healthy subjects. There were significant differences in the microbial distribution of various taxa from phylum to genus levels between healthy subjects and early RA patients. Phylum Bacteroidetes was enriched in early RA patients, while Actinobacteria, including the genus Collinsella, was enriched in healthy subjects. Functional analysis based on clusters of orthologous groups revealed that the genes related to the biosynthesis of menaquinone, known to be derived from gram-positive bacteria, were enriched in healthy subjects, while iron transport-related genes were enriched in early RA patients. Genes related to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, were enriched in clinically apparent RA patients. The obvious differences in microbial diversity, taxa, and associated functions of the gut microbiota between healthy subjects and early RA patients highlight the involvement of the gut microbiome in the early stages of RA.
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody that is detected in approximately 80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RF can be also detected in older individuals but the reason is unclear. There are a few RA patients who have a low level of RF in their blood but the reason for this is also unknown. Even though there are many unclear things about RF, several studies have presented a model for RA that immune complex, RF-human IgG-antigen, plays an important role in RA pathogenesis and development. The immune complex containing RF activates the complement after deposition in the joint, resulting in type III hypersensitivity reaction, which causes inflammation of the joint. Although there are a few studies on the association between RA and microbiome, there are no previous studies that have revealed the relationship between gut microorganisms and RF, which is major autoantibody in RA etiology. Therefore, we investigated intestinal microflora according to RF level, one of the RA clinical indicators in the present work. As a result, though alpha and beta diversity were not different between groups divided by RF titer, specific taxa belonging to Actinobacteria phylum including Bifidobacterium genus showed less abundance relatively in RF negative groups than positive. Moreover, the least relative abundance was shown in patients with high titer of RF, over 60 IU/ml. Actinobacteria phylum and Bifidobacterium genus also showed a negative correlation with RF.
In order to determine whether the reduction of the Bifidobacterium genus is the cause or the effects of the disease, we performed an experiment to analyze the effect of supplementation of heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum ATT, in RA model mice. The results showed that both the incidence and score of RA were significantly lower in Bifidobacterium fed group than the control. The production of autoantibody-like antibodies was also reduced, suggesting that the treatment with Bifidobacterium is effective for the suppression of RA. Since the supplementation of B. bifidum ATT was effective in preliminary RA in vivo study, it can be used as a food or pharmaceutical material. Prior to industrial use of the B. bifidum ATT as a commercial product, verification of safety is an important prerequisite, so the whole genome sequencing of B. bifidum ATT was conducted to acquire various information such as general genome information and function prediction as well as information related safety. In the genome of B. bifidum ATT, there were no virulence factor and genes involved in producing biogenic amines and phosphatidylserine, which plays an important role in platelet aggregation.
Based on the microbiome analyses of patients with RA, preliminary in vivo study and safety assessment through whole genome sequencing, B. bifidum ATT showed the potential to be an effective source of a food material or drug substance for RA modulation with safety. Given further studies such as robust preclinical test and safety assurance through assays such as hemolytic activity and antibiotic resistance test would be implemented, B. bifidum ATT could be developed as a commercial product such as food ingredient or therapeutic agent in real life.