영어와 불어 부정문의 통시적 변화 = (A) diachronic study of English and French negation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate diachronic changes of sentential negation between English and French languages. Derivation of English and French negative particles can be analyzed by using Jespersen's Cycle(1937: 9-11). Jespersen posited that in any language a negative particle will go through a cycle wherein the original negative element is cyclical, first weakened, if found insufficient and then strengthened, generally through additional words. This is regarded as the negative proper and may then undergo the same development as the original word. This trend coincide with a general cognitive principle otherwise known as Head Preference Principle.
In this study, a comparative analysis concerning diachronic changes of English and French negation is as follows:[ne+V] by Neg-First Principle>[ne+V+not/pas] by End-Weight Principle>[V+not/pas]>[not+V] by Neg-First Principle again. Neg-First Principle is in competition with End-Weight Principle which is distinctly related to the principle of given-new information sequence. This competitive parameter for the determination of word order is responsible for the diachronic developments of negation in terms of Jespersen's Negative Cycle. The derivational process of a negative sentence and its syntactic properties are explained in terms of the spirit and theory of Minimalist Program(Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008).
What is known as the negative cycle is summarized as follows:

Stage 1: Negation is expressed by one negative particle. e.g. [ne+V], which is .prevalent form throughout Old English and Old French.
Stage 2: Negation is expressed by a negative particle in combination with a .negative adverb or noun phrase such as na, nalles(not at all) and .noht(nothing) in Middle English, mie(crumb), pas(step) and point(point) in Middle French. e.g. [ne+V+not/pas], which becomes the typical Middle English and Classical French forms.
Stage 3: The original negative particle becomes extinct. e.g. [V+not/pas] in Pre -Modern English and Modern Colloquial French.

From stage 1 to stage 3, although the period of English development is different from French, negative cycle is similar.
Neg-First Principle expresses the strong tendency for negative markers to modulate leftward in front of the finite verb. During Stage 1, ne is referred to as Head-NegP, but this head can also be analyzed as the negative development of language structure. The structure of the Old English is as follows: ic ne secge and Old French: jeo ne dis
Old English and Old French are asymmetrical V2 languages: i.e. main clauses are V2 but embedded clauses are not V2, except in the case of main clauses embedded under a bridge verb.
At Stage 2, na, noht/pas, mie are added as reinforcement for the ne. But negation by bare ne is still grammatical, during late Old English, multiple negation is optional and in middle French pas is also optional, e.g. [ne+V+(pas)]. During the development of Middle English and Classical French, original negative element ne is too phonologically weak to carry the burden of negation. Consequently, ne was strengthened by the addition of the emphasizing words such as not/pas. Several different reinforcing negative particles were in use, but not/pas came to be dominant, gradually multiple negation [ne+V+not/pas] structure becomes regular: e.g. Middle English: I ne seye not/ Middle French: je ne dis (pas), Classical French: je ne dis pas
During Stage 3, the original negation ne gets completely lost, becoming too weak to express negation, and not/pas become the regular negative: e.g. pre-Modern English: I say not/Present-Day Colloquial French: je dis pas
Old English and Old French are C-Oriented languages, but the parameters are changed: T-Oriented language. Thus the loss of V2 in C occurred around 1450 in Middle English while V2 stopped around 1600 in Classical French. Modal and aspectual features of T realized by External Merge in Middle English resulting in Loss of V-to-T; T loses EPP-feature triggering internal Merge of verb in pre- Modern English(Roberts 2007:355). However, Modern French, verb moves to T: motivated by the need for T to be pronounced.

Stage 4: negation is realized in the syntactic structure of a finite(modal/do) verb + not+a lexical verb e.g. [do+not+V] in the Elizabethan English.
Stage 5: Negation is optionally expressed by negative contraction in terms of .encliticization of not to preceding finite verb. e.g. [don't+V] in Modern English.

As soon as ne disappeared, the reinforcing negative adverb, not in Spec-NegP began to show signs of morpho-phonological weakening. There is clear evidence that it became a negative head. During Stage 4, negative sentence like [I do not say] prove that negative specifier not came to be interpreted as a negative head.
During Stage 5, In the head-NegP, not cannot maintain its stressed pronunciation. Weakening contracted negation is more. e.g. I don't say.
The development of do-support was preceded by the development of contracted negation. Around 1600, negative particle not contracted onto T, but since V-to-T movement of lexical verbs had been lost, only auxiliaries were able to be the host of a contracted negative particle in T. Once the negative auxiliaries are externally merged as the established grammatical rule of clausal negation, do-support comes into being as a specific exceptional rule.
In short, English overt lexical verb movement stopped from the late Modern English period; English doesn't exhibit verb movement. But in Present-Day French, the verb raises to T to connect the suffix with the verb. English developed differently from French in due respects, but the negative cycling is similar.
In Modern Colloquial French, ne has been largely replaced

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 머리말 1
• 1.1. 연구의 목적과 방법 1
• 1.2. 이론적 배경과 선행연구 4
• 2. 영주어 매개변인 8
• 2.1. 접어인상 8
• 2.2. 공시적 관점의 분석 11
• 2.3. 통시적 관점의 분석 21
• 3. 고대영어와 고대불어의 부정문 26
• 3.1. 고대영어 27
• 3.2. 고대불어 42
• 4. 중세영어와 중세불어의 부정문 57
• 4.1. 중세영어 58
• 4.2. 중세불어 65
• 5. 현대영어와 현대불어의 부정문 71
• 5.1. 전기 현대영어 71
• 5.2. 후기 현대영어 78
• 5.3. 현대불어 91
• 6. 맺음말 112
• 참고문헌 115
• Abstract 123