A Philosophical Study on Political Culture in the Han Period Seen Through Dong Zhong-Shu’s “Heaven and Human Beings in Harmony as One” Thought = A Philosophical Study on Political Culture in the Han Period Seen Through Dong Zhong-Shu’s “Heaven and Human Beings in Harmony as One” Thought

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

漢代董仲舒“天人合一”思想所具有的實際意義只有將當代現實政治與他的思想直接聯系起來分析才可以考察, 尤其是“合一”的眞正意義。爲此, 本文將分析“天人合一”的思維方式所具有的意義結構, 然后進一步考察其思想在當代政治和經濟領域中是如何內在化和具體化的。
第一, 作爲東方“自我修養”目標的“知行合一”知識觀的實體實際上發展成爲知識與權力相互依附的結構。因此, 筆者首先通過董仲舒的思想來硏究知識屬于政治權力的過程。對傳統儒學者來講, 學問是“理論與實踐統一”的“知行合一”。這正是積極參與現實的儒學思想之根本。從這個側面來講董仲舒作爲漢代的知識分子積極在現實政治中實現“知識分子的責任感”。
但問題是, “官僚知識分子”以及“知識分子官僚”在皇帝的支配體制之下, 在歸屬到政治權力的過程之中, 很難保持“知識與政治”的“合理的距離”, 于是知識分子集團就喪失了其批判精神。董仲舒的“災異說”是依据古代“天命論”在皇帝的善行和德行中追加了所謂的“災異”, 造成了實權（王權）的緊張感。從這一点上來講是有其意義的。盡管參與政治的身分受到限制, 但是這種緊張感還是通過個人的內在道德規范來實現。這種强調通過天和人（王）的合一來實現天道的做法在加速强化中央集權支配體制的過程中是有局限性的。
第二, “天人合一”的認識過程不僅僅包含了“合一（統一）”的層面, 也包含了“相分（對立）”的層面。認識主體與客體的分離是認識的前提, 在東方人的思維中自然也是如此。分離以后再進行統一的過程是認識的過程, 這不僅僅是觀念上的類推。這對在日常勞動過程中爲了解放勞動力而制作發明工具的一般人來講, 也是很自然的。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper is on the meaning of Dong Zhong-Shu’s “Heaven and human beings in harmony as one” thought, and its significance in political and economical field. We connected the idea of “heaven and human beings in harmony as one” with unity of knowledge and action, which is aimed at self-cultivation. Through this, analysis on how knowledge and power forms a corrupt relationship was done.
Confucian encourages active participation in practical politics. But the problem occurs when “scholars as bureaucrats” or “bureaucrats as scholars” become under the rule of the emperor’s governing system. It hinders development of keeping reasonable distance between knowledge and politics, and leads to loss of criticism.
We studied the relationship between power and knowledge based on scholars’ critical mind mentioned earlier. Characteristics are as follows. First, Dong Zhong-Shu’s “the Extraordinary Phenomena” founded on traditional “the mandate of heaven” gives the King a tension of the real power through tensional apparatus, “extraordinary phenomena.” Nevertheless, realization of God’s role through heaven and human beings' harmony as one reinforces centralization of authority.
The other aspect is that cognitive process of heaven and human beings in harmony as one does not only have “harmony as one” aspect, but also “Sangbun” aspect. This paper explains how Sangbun aspect shape up.
[Article in Chinese]