Recent shifts in immigration patterns and population have brought diverse immigrant communities with varied purposes of residence and nationalities to the host countries worldwide. Facilitated by advancements in information and communication technolog...
Recent shifts in immigration patterns and population have brought diverse immigrant communities with varied purposes of residence and nationalities to the host countries worldwide. Facilitated by advancements in information and communication technology, these immigrants engage in transnational activism, connecting them to their homeland and people with whom they share a sense of national identity. Immigrant homeland activism is therefore defined as migrants' involvement in their homeland's domestic and foreign policies through lobbying or protesting in support of or opposition to the current political regime and participating in political discourse in the host society. Many studies have been conducted exploring immigrants’ transnational activism, and the scholarship on the spatiality of social movements has been developed actively after the turn of the century. However, there is a major lack of research concerning the spatial aspects of immigrants’ homeland activism, taking into account their specific characteristics such as their intersectionality (considering their inherent vulnerability as immigrants as well as their individual and collective capacity as highly educated, professional individuals), and the conditions under which they are involved in political activism.
Immigrants’ homeland activism has also emerged in Korea in recent years. Many immigrant communities such as Iranians, Russians, Ukrainians, and Chinese have pursued their activism through demonstrations, parades, and street performances in public spaces in Korea. As the host country, South Korea guarantees their right to hold protests, as well as supporting their opposition to war, human rights violations, and dictatorship. This favorable political opportunity structure provides a suitable setting for exploring the spatial aspects of immigrant homeland activism, which is absent in the previous studies on both social movements and public spaces.
This study employs a case study approach to investigate the spatial aspects of immigrant homeland activism and explain the meaning of urban public spaces for such immigrants as social movement actors. It aims to explore how immigrant homeland activists utilize space as a social movement strategy while striking a balance between their vulnerable status and their individual and collective agencies, and how the dual nature of public open spaces benefits immigrants’ homeland activism. This study pursues four objectives: Understanding the immigrants' experience of homeland activism, analyzing their choice of place and the qualities of desired public space, investigating the community and identity-building process in public open spaces, and exploring the expansion of urban solidarity in public spaces. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with immigrants active in homeland activism in Korea and complemented by participant observation.
The study reveals the multifaceted experience of homeland activism among immigrants, highlighting results in 4 areas of discussion: First, immigrants face challenges due to their unstable status and limited knowledge of Korean laws and procedures. These challenges intersect with external barriers and conflicts with the local society. Nonetheless, immigrants seek to employ their individual and collective capacities to overcome such constraints. Second, they strategically choose the locations for their protests considering their long or short-term objectives based on the symbolic meaning, spatial differences offered by each location, built environment, time-distance considerations, and alignments with the spatial routines of everyday lives, collectively enabling or constraining copresence of protestors and their audience. Third, engaging in transnational activism fosters the formation of new diasporic communities in Korea, strengthening national and ethnic identities among immigrants. These places of protest serve as ‘safe spaces’ for their activism. In other words, public spaces provide them with temporary community spaces where mutual support is exchanged during times of crisis, helping immigrants overcome the initial senses of helplessness and isolation regarding critical situations of their homeland. Forth, immigrants build connections with other immigrant communities and with the local society through their presence in public open spaces. Public spaces, provide a variety of ‘pores and passages’, connecting the immigrant group with their surrounding environment including other users of the place. Facilitated by such function of public open spaces, repeated encounters with a variety of users contribute to the expansion of urban solidarity within the host society, enhancing mutual understanding and inclusivity.
The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of processes of community and identity-building among emotionally challenged and systematically unstable immigrants taking part in political activism within a foreign society in solidarity with their homeland. Such processes need to be understood as equally, if not more important, than spreading the activism and slogan considering the characteristics of such immigrants and their activism. Crucial to the formation of such a sense of collective identity and community is the existence of a sense of boundary surrounding the immigrant groups within the public spaces. The study explains how the theories on the blurring of boundaries in modern public spaces fail to address such important aspects of the spatiality of immigrant homeland activism. Finally, the study implies the importance of providing systematic support on utilization of public spaces for immigrants, acknowledging the agency of such communities as social movement actors and how such activism contributes to their integration into the host society. Additionally, the study highlights the need for simultaneous provision of physical and symbolic boundaries as well as pores and passages in public open spaces by planners and designers to facilitate the formation of communities within these boundaries and encounters with outside at the same time.