한국어의 상적 의미와 타동성에 관한 상관관계 연구 : 동사 분류를 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This dissertation is the consideration on the meaning aspects in which the verb's semantic category, called aspect, is varied by lexical and grammatical elements in sentences. The verb lexical aspect itself(Aktionsart), grammatical form representing the aspectual meaning and temporal adverbs (clause) are acted in a complex way and in realized aspectual meaning. Previous studies have not observed the association between the aspectual meaning and the transitivity found in the Korean language. However, this dissertation shows that the transitivity is related to the verb's own lexical aspect and realized in a sentence. The meaning opposition in the grammar form does not have stativity, but can only be found in the prototypical verb category, which indicates the dynamic situation. Non-prototypical verbs do not combine with grammatical forms that have aspectual meaning. If the non- prototypical verbs do combine with grammar forms, they do not represent aspectual meaning.
Therefore, in chapter 2, this study identified the meaning of non-typical verbs in Korean with status in the temporal localization(temporal stability) category and attempted to classify them. Nouns, adjectives and verbs used in descriptive usage form a continuum in the category of temporal localization, and verbs close to nouns or adjectives on the continuum belong to non-prototypical verbs. Non-prototypical verbs are classified as a verb; they have a static and homogeneous meaning that exists permanently without being bound by time such as nouns and adjectives, but can appear as temporary in the passage of time.
In chapter 3, this study attempts to classify prototypical verbs according to the elements of meaning of prototypical transitivity. The reason for attempting to classify verbs as elements of meaning in transitivity is that the aspectual meaning of a sentence is related to the transitivity.
In this dissertation, the problem of the existing definition of transitivity is realized. In a sentence with 2 or more participants in a two-participant clause, it is considered that sentences in which ‘change’ occurs in the object is of more transitivity than the ‘act’ of the agent which simply affects the object.
In regards to the elements of meaning, ‘change’ is an element that distinguishes whether or not it is a transitive verb in various world languages, so the prototypical transitivity was defined as ‘an action directed toward an object and causing a change in the object’. Based on the definition of prototypical transitivity, the elements of meaning in prototypical transitivity can be categorized as ‘Juche(‘Agent/A(transitive subject function)’/‘Subject/S(intransitive subject function)’)’, ‘Gaekche(Object/O(transitive objective function))’, ‘Action’ and ‘Change’. The verbs with the highest transitivity are those that satisfy all four semantic elements, and the verbs lacking these elements have lower transitivity. When the number of agents is one, the verb representing ‘change’ is considered to have higher transitivity than the verb representing ‘action’, because ‘change’ plays a decisive role in the prototypical meaning of transitivity. Based on the elements of meaning in this prototypical transitivity, the verb with the highest transitivity is ‘Juche action and Gaekche change verbs’, followed by ‘Juche change verbs’, and ‘Juche action verbs’ in order. The element of meaning, ‘change’, is related to ‘telicity’. Telic verbs lead to a ‘changed result’ when the action reaches its ‘natural endpoint’. Therefore, all verbs with the element of ‘change’ become ‘telic verbs’, and verbs without the element of ‘change’ are ‘atelic verbs’. Among the three categories of verbs classified above, ‘Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs’ and ‘Juche change verbs’ are ‘telic verbs’, which grasp ‘change’, and ‘Juche action verbs’ which do not grasp ‘change’ belongs to ‘atelic verbs’. Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs are all transitive verbs because there are more than one participant, and ‘Juche change verbs’ are all intransitive verbs because there is one participant. In these two categories, all intransitive verbs correspond to ‘Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs’ to ‘Juche change verbs’. All other transitive verbs corresponding to Juche change verbs belong to ‘Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs’. Juche action verbs include transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. In the case of a transitive verb, even if the agent's action affects the object, the object does not change or how the agent acts, but it is a verb that grasps only the action of the object.
The progressive form of verbs ‘-go iss-’ combines with all verbs of those three categories. However, when the verbs with [-durative], then ‘-go iss-’ indicates many implicated meanings. The verbs with [+durative] combines with ‘-go iss-’ and indicates progressive, but when the verbs with [-durative] combines with ‘-go iss-’ and indicates iterative, repetition, habit and dispersive interpretation. The resultative form ‘-eo iss-’ combines with ‘Juche change verbs’. ‘Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs’ are also telic verbs which grasp change, but the change itself is not an action but the agent, therefore, it cannot be added to ‘-eo iss-’. In previous studies, the resultative form of Korean language ‘-eo iss-’ can only be combined with intransitive verbs among ‘telic verbs’, but these studies could not clarify as to why those verbs combined with ‘telic verbs’ of intransitive verbs. [+Telic] means ‘change’ and intransitive verbs have one participant only. This dissertation showed that the verbs are Juche change verbs which can combine with ‘-eo iss-’.
‘-eoss-’, known as a past tense marker in Korean language, but this study confirmed that ‘-eoss-’ does not include the end of an event every time for Juche change verbs through the schematization of an aspectual phase.
‘-eoss-’ of Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs indicates a natural endpoint, which means a lead changed result as well as the end of an event. Juche action verbs did not grasp change, therefore, they are atelic verbs. These verbs do not have a natural endpoint because it is considered only when the meaning is completed if the action has occurred, and ‘-eoss-’ means the end of an event. ‘-eoss-’ of Juche change verbs means changed results, but does not mean the end of an event. After the event, it can be realized as ‘-eo iss-’. Juche change verbs, ‘-eoss-’ means changed results that ‘-eoss-’ can be functioned as perfect(anterior) continuing.
Reflexive verbs can be categorized as Juche change verbs, it seems to belong Juche actionㆍGaekche change verbs because they have two participants and the action of agent effects the changing of the object. However, changed results of the object should be included as changed results of the agent. In other words, reflexive verbs did not represent progressive phase with ‘-go iss-’ as Juche change verbs, but also did not represent resultative phase with ‘-eo iss-’. Reflexive verbs express two phases using ‘-go iss-’. This study figures that ‘-go iss-’ can indicate the phase of changed result, as the object of ‘-go iss-’ can lead the change of agent.
‘Jada(to sleep), Jukda(to die)’ can be categorized as Juche change verbs, because they are intransitive verbs which have one participant and grasp the change. However, ‘Jada, Jukda’ showed a different pattern from the aspectual phase of ‘-go iss-’, ‘-eo iss-’, and ‘-eoss-’ in the Juche change verb. The reason ‘Jada, Jukda’ shows different aspects with other Juche change verbs is that two verbs can be easily recognized as ‘change’, but they have static and homogeneous statuses which is the nature of non-prototypical verbs.
Korean perception verbs, ‘Boda(to see), Deutda(to listen)’ are categorized as Juche action verbs. In strict sense, ‘Boda, Deutda’ do not indicate any action or change, however they are related to ‘volitionality’ with high transitivity, and thus considered as ‘action’ and ‘qualitative state’. ‘Volitionality’ does not include the element of meaning about prototypical transitive, but ‘human intention’ has ‘self-referential causality’, therefore it indicates ‘qualitative state change’ related to ‘action’. Differing from English, the Korean perception verbs are free to combine with ‘-go iss-’, which can be found in the prototypical transitivity.
In chapter 4, this dissertation showed the meaning of ‘-go iss-’, ‘-eo iss-’, and ‘-eoss-’ which indicates progressive, resultative and perfect(anterior) continuing and clarified aspectual aspects which can be shared.
As for Juche change verbs, ‘-eoss-’ expresses result derivation including the point, therefore it can be shared with the same aspectual phase as ‘-eo iss-’.
When ‘-eoss-’ concurs with the adverbial ‘T buteo(from T(time))’ indicating point and duration, then ‘-eoss-’ can indicate the progressive phase including the start point among three categorized verbs, and means ‘perfect continuing’.
This study also identified that the meaning of ‘-eoss-’ when combined with various temporal adverbial (clause) and when ‘-eoss-’ is changed to ‘-go iss-’ co-occurring with certain kinds of temporal adverbial(clause). When ‘-eoss-’ co-occurs with ‘T dongan(duration T)’, the event of ‘-eoss-’ has started before moment of speaking, but it does not include the event has terminated, so it can be replaced with ‘-go iss-’. At this moment, ‘-go iss-’ and ‘-eoss-’ do not include the point, so it can be defined as progressive.
When ‘-eoss-’ co-occurs with ‘T buteo’, the event of ‘-eoss-’ has started before utterance time as ‘T dongan’, but does not include the meaning that the event has ended, so ‘-eoss-’ can be replaced of ‘-eo iss-’. However, the phase is different with ‘T buteo’ and ‘T dongan’, because ‘T buteo’ includes the exact start point of the event, so ‘-go iss-’ and ‘-eoss-’ signifies anterior continuing.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론 1
• 1.1. 연구 목적 1
• 1.2. 선행 연구 7
• 1.2.1. 상과 상적 의미를 나타내는 문법 형태에 관한 논의 7
• 1.2.2. 상황 유형과 동사 분류에 관한 논의 18
• 1.2.3. 상 해석 36
• 1.3. 연구 방법 55
• 2. 비전형적 동사 57
• 2.1. 시간적 한정성 57
• 2.2. 한국어의 비전형적 동사 72
• 3. 전형적 동사 85
• 3.1. 타동성 86
• 3.1.1. 원형적 타동성 86
• 3.1.2. 주체, 객체, 변화, 동작 101
• 3.1.3. 타동성 정도 107
• 3.2. 한국어의 타동성 검토 111
• 3.3. 동사 분류 121
• 3.3.1. 주체동작‧객체변화동사 128
• 3.3.2. 주체변화동사 133
• 3.3.3. 주체동작동사 146
• 4. 상적 의미 실현 양상 152
• 4.1. 계속성 152
• 4.1.1. 계속상 155
• 4.1.2. 완료의 계속 163
• 4.2. 계속성 실현 양상 170
• 4.2.1. 주체동작‧객체변화동사 170
• 4.2.2. 주체변화동사 178
• 4.2.3. 주체동작동사 187
• 5. 결론 197
• 참고문헌 203
• Abstract 212