니노미야 손토쿠(二宮尊徳)의 ‘도덕경제’- ‘천도’와 ‘인도’의 개념을 중심으로 본 경세론 - = ‘Moral Economy’ of Ninomiya Sontoku(二宮尊徳) - Administration Theory From the Concept of ‘The Way of Providence(天道)’ and ‘Morality of Human(人道)’

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper studied moral economy of practicing philosopher Ninomiya Sontoku(二宮尊德, 1787~1856), who lived the Edo era in Japan. Sontoku's family bankrupted because of natural disaster but he struggled back to his feet and he succeeded at last. In addition to, he compounded some idea from that experiences to management philosophy. Especially, this paper studied his administration theory from the concept of the way of providence and morality of human.
He accepted natural disaster to way of providence. He regulated some action for overcoming hardship is morality of human. He emphasized people have to overcome and accept way of providence by ‘morality of human’. That theory result from his subjective outlook. He thought mankind has desire and it is basically. So, extravagant people is a matter of course and it is the way of providence. When the way of the providence was controlled by morality of human, the providence was totally completed.
On the administration theory, 'selfhood' has a special definition and role like main agent of practice. 'selfhood' has 'self heart' inner side, and it is standard of practice. 'self heart' communicates and circulates with other members and theirs hearts. In this way, main agent of practice is also member of community, and practical man is partner of community's joys and sorrows. This thought is the limits of Sontoku and bureaucrat in Edo government.
This administration theory stressed out ‘morality of human’ and its goal is welfare of the people. 'Moral economy' is the way to welfare of the people. Economy of agriculture was substituted what this new economy is the commerce was the trend at the time. Country community was divided into agriculture and commerce. they conflicted each other. moreover, natural disaster threatened right to their life. Sontoku argued to deal with the dangerous situation, that people have to overcome and accept way of providence by ‘morality of human’.
'Moral economy' means righting nature will demand men's efforts. Thus, main agent of practice change one's recognition of nature and society for practicing 'moral economy'. He criticized increasing interest, furthermore, proposed donation in economy of commerce. First of all, main agent of practice realize own income also, they lived a thrifty life and good to the money left over into other social members.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "論語"

2 김우봉, "일본 근대교육에 있어 ‘모범인물’ 창출과 양상-수신교과서？의 니노미야 손토쿠(二宮尊？)를 중심으로－" 한국일본어문학회 23 (23): 221-242, 2004

3 內村鑑三, "우치무라간조의 인물일본사" 아침바다 2003

4 박제홍, "니노미야 긴지로(二宮金次)를 통한 착한 어린이像 만들기－국정수신서를 중심으로－" 한국일본어문학회 29 (29): 241-262, 2006

5 김우봉, "근대 한 · 일 修身敎科書에 제시된‘모범인물’비교 연구 -니노미야 손토쿠(二宮尊德)를 중심으로-" 한국일본어교육학회 43 (43): 187-208, 2008

6 "韓非子"

7 한예원, "霞谷 鄭齊斗의 貨幣觀을 통해본 經世思想" 한국양명학회 22 (22): 197-221, 2009

8 "莊子"

9 한예원, "星湖 李瀷의 經世사상에 관한 一考" 민족문화연구원 (40) : 375-394, 2004

10 "日本書紀"

11 荻生徂徠, "弁道, In 日本思想大系36 荻生徂徠" 岩波書店 1973

12 "孟子"

13 "周易"

14 福住正兄, "二宮翁夜話, In 日本思想大系52 二宮尊德․大原幽學" 岩波書店 1973

15 김우봉, "二宮尊德의 동상건립에 대한 연구 -일본 小田原市 소학교의 二宮金次郞像 설치현황을 중심으로-" 한국일본어문학회 40 (40): 275-296, 2009

16 奈良本辰也, "二宮尊德の人と思想, In 日本思想大系52 二宮尊德․大原幽學" 岩波書店 1973

17 "中庸"

18 奈良本辰也, "三才報德金毛錄, In 日本思想大系52 二宮尊德․大原幽學" 岩波書店 1973