The Role of Government in Conflict Resolution Related to Urban and Regional Development in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This research started from the recognition that intergovernmental conflicts are inevitable in the process of public policy-making, and that changes in external environments have an influence on the process of conflict management and resolution. As Korean society changed in the 1990s toward democratisation and local autonomy (especially from 1995), the potential grew for intergovernmental conflicts over major urban and regional development projects. The purpose of this research has been to examine the factors influencing the intensity of such conflicts and the variables for conflict resolution related to major regional development projects and environmental issues, and in particular to consider the role of the government in the process of conflict resolution.
A review of the literature on conflict theory and conflict resolution (Chs. 3 -4) identified the key factors influencing conflict origins and management of the process of conflict. It indicated the key variables influencing conflict resolution including the potential for new, more mediating roles in conflict resolution. It suggested that the degree of difficulty in resolving conflicts was related to the intensity of the conflict concerned. Further literature reviews on the introduction of local government autonomy in Korea (Ch.4) and the existing spatial planning system (Ch.5), document the growth of intergovernmental conflicts since 1995. They also verified the need for research into this general problem and provided a specific research scope in relation to major development and environmental projects in Korea so as to promote more effective management and negotiation strategies (Ch.6).
The second stage of the research programme began by defining the requirements of a theoretical framework to be applied in an empirical analysis. Because of the need to investigate complex, time-extensive relationships in the specific context of Korea, the method of comparative case studies was chosen for this purpose. The main elements of the framework (Ch.7) included the factors influencing the intensity of conflict, ways of measuring the degree of intensity and the factors involved in conflict resolution. Three categories of intergovernmental conflicts were chosen for case study, and in order to provide a basis of comparison of the position before and after local autonomy (1995) two cases were examined in each category. The three categories were: nuclear plants at Amyun Island and Yongwang (Ch.8); major transport infrastructure projects at Kyungju and Inchun (Ch.9); and, water resource investment projects at Wichun and Youngwol (Ch.10). The comparative analysis is provided in Chapter 11.
The case study analysis of these major development projects in Korea generally supported the central hypothesis of the relationship between the intensity of a conflict and the relative difficulty in its resolution. After the introduction of local autonomy the intensity of intergovernmental conflicts had become more visible, more intense and more difficult to resolve. Despite central government's role as a direct participant, there was some evidence of an emerging and useful mediation role which could be encouraged and developed further.
The conclusions drawn from this research suggest that the key to developing a successful government role in conflict resolution in Korea will be to ensure a congruence between all elements of the planning framework, full integration and co-ordination between spatial plans or projects, and, the involvement all participants in the process of conflict resolution. There are also important roles for government in establishing new schemes for alternative dispute resolution and mechanisms for balancing between local/regional burdens and national benefits. These should be an integral part of an organisational strategy for continuous improvement in order to maximise the level of social satisfaction and competitive advantages in Korea's regional development. In terms of successful implementations of alternative approaches for conflict resolution, the outcomes for governments and people would be a better performance in conflicts related to urban and regional development.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Acknowledgements = i
• Abstract = ii
• CONTENTS = iii
• List of Tables = xii
• List of Figures = xiv
• Abbreviations = xv
• Chapter 1. Introduction = 1
• 1.1. Research Background = 1
• 1.2. Environments of Research = 2
• 1.3. Research Purpose = 4
• 1.4. Research Methodology = 10
• 1.5. The Process of Research = 15
• 1.6. Structure of thesis = 16
• Chapter 2. Local Government and intergovernmental Relationships in Transition in Korea = 19
• 2.1. Introduction = 19
• 2.2. Local Autonomy = 21
• 2.2.1. Definition and Types of Local Autonomy = 21
• 2.2.2. An Evaluation of Local Autonomy = 22
• 2.3. The Effects of Local Autonomy in Korea = 25
• 2.4. The System of Local Government in Transition = 26
• 2.4.1. The Structure of Local Government = 26
• 2.4.2. The Roles and Functions of Local Government = 28
• 2.5. The Organisation of Local Government = 30
• 2.5.1. The Pattern of Organisation = 30
• 2.5.2. The Position of the Head of A Local Government (Mayor/Governor) = 31
• 2.5.3. The Authority of the Head of A Local Government = 31
• 2.5.4. The Role of the Head of A Local Government = 32
• 2.5.5. The Local Assembly = 33
• 2.6. The Finance of Local Government in Korea = 33
• 2.7. The Changing Nature of inter-Governmental Relations (IGRs) in Korea = 35
• 2.7.1. The Definition of IGRs = 35
• 2.7.2. Models of IGRs = 36
• 2.7.3. The Change of IGRs = 39
• 2.7.4. Intergovernmental Relations in Korea = 40
• 2.8. The Future of Local Autonomy in Korea = 43
• 2.8.1. Problems to Be Solved = 43
• 2.8.2. The Future Direction of Local Autonomy = 46
• 2.9. Conclusions = 47
• Chapter 3. Conflict theory = 49
• 3.1. Introduction = 49
• 3.2. The Definition and Classification of Conflict = 49
• 3.2.1. The Definition of Conflict = 49
• 3.2.2. Competition and Conflict = 52
• 3.2.3. Function and Dysfunction of Conflict = 53
• 3.3. Types of Organisational Conflict = 56
• 3.3.1. General Classification of Organisational Conflict = 56
• 3.3.2. Classification of Conflict in Regional Development = 58
• 3.4. Causes of Conflict = 61
• 3.4.1. General Causes = 61
• 3.4.2. Cause of intergovernmental Conflicts (Igcs) = 63
• 3.5. The Process of Conflict = 65
• 3.6. Actors in Conflict Situations = 70
• 3.7. Conclusions = 72
• Chapter 4. Conflict Resolution = 74
• 4.1. Introduction = 74
• 4.2. Game theory and Bargaining = 76
• 4.2.1. Game theory = 76
• 4.2.2. Bargaining and Negotiation = 78
• 4.3. Strategies and Methods of Conflict Resolution = 80
• 4.3.1. Strategies for Conflict Resolution = 80
• 4.3.2. Change of Method = 82
• 4.3.3. Methods of Conflict Resolution = 84
• 4.3.4. Methods By Progress = 89
• 4.3.5. Character By Methods = 90
• 4.4. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Approach for Conflict Resolution = 91
• 4.4.1. What Is ADR?(Definition of ADR) = 91
• 4.4.2. Emergence of ADR = 92
• 4.4.3. The Development of Adr = 95
• 4.4.4. ADR Skills and Techniques = 100
• 4.4.5. Why Is ADR Important? (Strengths of ADR) = 102
• 4.4.6. The Weakness of ADR = 103
• 4.4.7. The Development of ADR in Developing Countries = 104
• 4.4.8. Summary = 105
• 4.5. The Role of Government in Conflict Resolution = 106
• 4.6. Conclusions = 109
• Chapter 5. The System of Spatial Planning and Development Policy in Korea = 111
• 5.1. Introduction = 111
• 5.2. The History of Spatial Plan in Korea = 112
• 5.2.1. The First National Development Plan (1972-1981) = 114
• 5.2.2. The Second National Plan (1982-1991) = 114
• 5.2.3. The Third National Plan (1992-2001) = 114
• 5.3. The Structure of Spatial Plans = 115
• 5.3.1. National Land Development Plan (NLDP) = 115
• 5.3.2. Urban Planning = 117
• 5.3.3. Plans Based on individual Laws = 118
• 5.4. Problems of Spatial Planning System in Korea = 119
• 5.5. The Reorganisation of the Spatial Development System = 122
• 5.6. The Effects of Regional Planning and Development = 122
• 5.6.1. Regional Disparity and Regional Development Policy = 122
• 5.6.2. Regional Disparity in Korea = 123
• 5.7. The Significance of Regional Development Policies = 124
• 5.8. A Reconsideration of Regional Development and Policy = 126
• 5.8.1. Regional Development Under Central Government's Control = 126
• 5.8.2. Imbalance Development = 127
• 5.8.3. Inadequate Linkages With Other Plans = 127
• 5.8.4. The Lack of Participation of Residents and the Private Sector = 128
• 5.8.5. The Lack of Measures for Conflict Mediation = 128
• 5.8. Conclusions = 129
• Chapter 6. Conflicts Related to Regional Development in Korea = 130
• 6.1. Introduction = 130
• 6.2. Organisational Conflicts in Korea = 131
• 6.2.1. Trends in Conflict = 131
• 6.2.2. The Field of Organisational Conflict = 134
• 6.2.3. The Change of Conflict Space over Regional interests = 135
• 6.3. The Analysis of Conflict Types in Regional Developments = 136
• 6.3.1. Conflict Types by Blocking Behaviour and Relationships = 136
• 6.3.2. Conflict Types by Content = 137
• 6.3.3. Types of Conflict By Disputants = 138
• 6.4. The Causes of Conflict in Regional Developments = 139
• 6.4.1. Reinforcement of Local Government's Self-Control and Discretion = 140
• 6.4.2. Election Pledges and Re-election = 141
• 6.4.3. Changes in Values and Standards = 142
• 6.4.4. Differences of Goals = 143
• 6.4.5. Increase of interdependence = 144
• 6.4.6. The Selfish Territorial (Regional Self-interest) Society = 144
• 6.4.7. Communication and Openness = 146
• 6.4.8. Jurisdictional Dispute = 148
• 6.5. Characteristics of Conflicts Related to Regional Developments = 148
• 6.5.1. Strong Conflicting interests Among Disputants = 149
• 6.5.2. Variety of Conflict Type = 150
• 6.5.3. A Multiplicity of Issues and Processes = 150
• 6.5.4. Uncertainty of Conflict Situations = 151
• 6.5.5. Conflict over Land and Land Use = 152
• 6.5.6. Locational Conflict = 152
• 6.5.7. Clash of interest Between Conservation and Development Pressures = 153
• 6.5.8. Implementation = 154
• 6.5.9. The Possibility of Outsider's intervention = 155
• 6.6. The Current System for Conflict Resolution = 155
• 6.6.1. Direct Negotiation = 153
• 6.6.2. Third Party intervention = 156
• 6.7. The Experience of ADR in Korea = 158
• 6.8. Conclusions = 160
• Chapter 7. The Framework for Case Study Analysis = 161
• 7.1. Introduction = 161
• 7.2. The Analytical Framework = 161
• 7.3. Reasons for the Case Study Research Method = 163
• 7.4. Method of Analysis = 167
• 7.5. The Process Case Study Analysis (Fig. 7.2) = 167
• 7.6. Stage II: the Factors influencing the Degree of Conflict = 169
• 7.6.1. Differences of interest = 170
• 7.6.2. Mutual Trust and Communication = 171
• 7.6.3. Perception of and Behaviour over the Conflict = 172
• 7.6.4. Structure and internal Discord of Party to a Conflict = 173
• 7.6.5. External Environments = 174
• 7.6.6. Summary of Factors influencing the intensity of Conflict = 176
• 7.7. Stage: III: Measuring the Degree of Conflict = 176
• 7.7.1. The Number of Parties to a Conflict = 177
• 7.7.2. Duration of Conflict = 177
• 7.7.3. Number and Pattern of Violent Conflictual Behaviour = 178
• 7.8. Stage IV: the Variables of Conflict Resolution = 178
• 7.8.1. Stakeholders and Representatives = 179
• 7.8.2. Issues = 180
• 7.8.3. Strategies and Tactics = 180
• 7.8.4. The Role of Public Organisations = 181
• 7.8.5. Third Party intervention = 181
• 7.8.6. Summary of the Variables for Conflict Resolution = 182
• 7.9. Stage: V: Assessment of the Results of the Conflicts = 183
• 7.10. Conclusions = 184
• Chapter 8. Case Study L: Locational Conflict Over Unwanted Facilities (Nimby) = 186
• 8.1. Introduction = 186
• 8.2. The Case of Anmyun Nuclear Waste Disposal Site (NWDS) = 186
• 8.2.1. Outline of the Conflict = 186
• 8.2.2. Analysis of the Conflict Process and influence = 191
• 8.2.3. Analysis of the intensity of Conflict = 196
• 8.2.4. Variables for Conflict Resolution = 198
• 8.3. The Case of Younggwang Nuclear Power Plants (Npps) = 200
• 8.3.1. Outline of the Conflict = 200
• 8.3.2. Analysis of the Conflict Process and influence = 204
• 8.3.3. Analysis of the intensity of Conflict = 209
• 8.3.4. Variables for Conflict Resolution = 210
• 8.4. Comparision of the Analysis of the Two Case Studies = 214
• 8.4.1. Factors influencing the intensity of Conflict = 214
• 8.4.2. Comparison of the Degree of Conflict intensity = 215
• 8.4.3. Results of the Analysis of Variables influencing Conflict Resolution = 216
• 8.5. Evaluation of the Results of Conflict = 218
• 8.5.1. Achievement of Policy/Development Project = 218
• 8.5.2. Receptivity = 219
• 8.5.3. Satisfaction = 219
• 8.5.4. Social stability = 220
• 8.6. Conclusions and Findings = 221
• 8.6.1. Conclusions = 221
• 8.6.2. Findings = 222
• Chapter 9. Case Study 2: Development of infra Structure (PIMFY) = 225
• 9.1. Introduction = 225
• 9.2. Seoul-Pusan High Speed Railway (Section of Railway Track in Kyungju City) = 225
• 9.2.1. Outline of the Conflict = 225
• 9.2.2. Analysis of the Conflict Process and influence = 228
• 9.2.3. Analysis of the intensity of Conflict = 231
• 9.2.4. Variables for Conflict Resolution = 233
• 9.3. Inchon international Airport Motorway (IIAM) = 236
• 9.3.1. Outline of the Conflict = 236
• 9.3.2. Analysis of the Conflict Process and influence = 238
• 9.3.3. Analysis of the intensity of Conflict = 241
• 9.3.4. Variables for Conflict Resolution = 242
• 9.4. Comparision of the Analysis of the Two Case Studies = 245
• 9.4.1. Factors influencing the intensity of Conflict = 245
• 9.4.2. Comparison of the Degree of Conflict intensity = 246
• 9.4.3. Results of the Analysis of Variables influencing Conflict Resolution = 247
• 9.5. Evaluation of the Results of Conflict = 248
• 9.5.1. Achievement of Policy/Development Project = 248
• 9.5.2. Receptivity = 248
• 9.5.3. Satisfaction = 249
• 9.5.4. Social Stability = 249
• 9.6. Conclusion and Findings = 250
• 9.6.1. Conclusions = 250
• 9.6.2. Findings = 250
• Chapter 10. Case Study 3: Water Resources and Pollution = 255
• 10.1. Introduction = 255
• 10.2. The Daegu Wichon industrial Complex (WIC) = 255
• 10.2.1. Outline of the Conflict = 255
• 10.2.2. Analysis of the Conflict Process and influence = 258
• 10.2.3. Analysis of the intensity of Conflict = 264
• 10.2.4. Variables for Conflict Resolution = 265
• 10.3. The Dong River Dam (Youngwol Dam) = 269
• 10.3.1. Outline of the Conflict = 269
• 10.3.2. Analysis of the Conflict Process and influence = 272
• 10.3.3. Analysis of the intensity of Conflict = 278
• 10.3.4. Variables for Conflict Resolution = 280
• 10.4. Comparision of the Analysis of the Two Case Studies = 283
• 10.4.1. Factors influencing the intensity of Conflict = 283
• 10.4.2. Comparison of the Degree of Conflict intensity = 285
• 10.4.3. Results of the Analysis of Variables influencing Conflict Resolution = 285
• 10.5. Evaluation of the Results of Conflict = 286
• 10.5.1. Achievement of Policy/Development Project = 286
• 10.5.2. Receptivity = 287
• 10.5.3. Satisfaction = 287
• 10.5.4. Social Stability = 288
• 10.6. Conclusions and Findings = 289
• 10.6.1. Conclusions = 289
• 10.6.2. Findings = 290
• Chapter 11. Evaluation of the Premises = 292
• 11.1. Introduction = 292
• 11.2. An Evaluation of Ten Premises Relating to Conflicts in Korea = 292
• 11.3. Conclusions = 304
• Chapter 12. Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations = 305
• 12.1. Introduction = 305
• 12.2. The Review of Research Purpose = 305
• 12.3. Implications for the Resolution of intergovernmental Conflicts = 311
• 12.3.1. Establishment of New intergovernmental Relations and the Role of Government = 311
• 12.3.2. Introduction of Prior Consultation System = 312
• 12.3.3. The Harmonisation of Regional interests and Fair Share of Burdens = 312
• 12.3.4. Democratisation and Participation in the Policy Decision-Making = 312
• 12.3.5. The Decentralisation of Planning System = 313
• 12.3.6. The introduction of Systems for Conflict Resolution = 314
• 12.3.7. A Change of Perception of Conflict = 314
• 12.3.8. Efficient Use of the Existing System = 315
• 12.4. Recommendations for Practice and Research = 315
• 12.5. Seeking New Paradigms for Conflict Management and Resolution in Korea = 319
• Appendix = 320
• Appendix 1. Structure of Spatial Planning in Korea = 320
• Appendix 2. The Planning Framework in England = 320
• Appendix 3. Third party intercession: four techniques compared = 321
• Appendix 4. Summary of the survey method for a case study = 322
• Appendix 5. Sources surveyed = 324
• Appendix 6. Covering letter = 325
• Appendix 7. Questionnaires for in-depth interview = 326
• References