개화시기조절 유전자의 작물에서의 응용

국문 초록 (Abstract)

개화는 식물이 영양생장에서 생식생장으로 전환되는 중요 한 발달 단계로 유전학적, 분자생물학적 접근 방법을 통하여 개화 기작을 이해하기 위한 연구들이 수행되었다. 개화시기 조절에 관한 연구는 주로 애기장대를 이용하여 진행되어 왔 으며 이를 바탕으로 춘화처리 경로, 자발적 경로, 광주기 의존 적 경로, 식물 호르몬인 지베렐린 연관 경로들이 밝혀졌고 이 들 경로와 관련된 다양한 유전자들이 보고되었다. 이들 중 춘 화처리 및 자발적 경로는 개화억제 유전자인 FLC 발현 조절 을 통해 개화시기를 조절한다고 밝혀졌다. 최근 연구에 따르 면 chromatin-remodeling 인자들인 FLD, FVE, VIN3, VRN1, VRN2, FRI 등과 FCA, FPA, FLK등의 RNA 결합단백질과 FY등의 다양한 RNA processing 관련 단백질들이 FLC 유전자 발현을 조절하고 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이와는 다르 게 광주기성 개화유도는 FLC와 다른 독립적인 경로를 가지 고 있다. 광수용체로부터 시작된 신호는 개화촉진인자 CO 유 전자를 활성화 시키고 하위 유전자 FT 발현을 유도한다. FT 단백질은 FD 단백질과 상호작용하여 AP1으로 신호를 전달 하며 FLC에 의한 개화 억제 신호와 경쟁적으로 상호작용을 하며 개화시기를 조절하게 된다. 이들 각 경로로부터 개화시 기를 조절하는 유전자 연구들을 바탕으로 작물에서 개화시기 에 관여하는 유전자를 도입하거나 발현을 조절함으로서 작물 의 개화시기에 변화를 주는 연구들이 지속적으로 활발하게 수행되고 있다. 작물에서 개화시기 조절은 생산량, 바이오매 스 등에 영향을 주는데 최근에 들어서는 기후변화에 의한 이 상온도로 개화시기가 빨라지거나 늦어지는 경향을 보이고 있 다. 따라서 전통육종과 더불어 유전자를 이용한 개화시기 조 절은 변화하는 환경에 적응할 수 있는 작물을 개발하는데 중 요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The floral transition from vegetative to reproductive development is a very important step in the life cycle of a flowering plant. Extensive genetic analysis using model plant Arabidopsis has revealed that multiple pathways, as photoperiod, vernalization, autonomous pathway, gibberellin, and endogenous cues in a specific season are involved in the flowering time. Many genes that control flowering time have been identified. Among these, vernalization and autonomous pathway are mediated by the regulation of the floral repressor FLC. These pathways depend on a multitude of factors involved in RNA processing and epigenetic regulation that regulate the floral repressor FLC. FLD, FVE, VIN3, VRN1, VRN2, and FRI are involved in chromatin-remodeling, FY in RNA processing, and FCA, FPA, and FLK in RNA binding. In photoperiod pathway, the flowering induction signals from light are integrated by floral integrator FT. FT is induced by the CO and induces the expression of floral meristem identity gene AP1, which control floral organ development. Controlling the timing of floral transition is essentially important in crop plants for high agricultural productivity and adaptation to environmental changes. Currently, a growing number of genes related to flowering have been studied in crop plants. This article reviews the key regulators in floral regulatory pathways and application of these genes to modification of flowering time in crop plants.

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