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      수출기업의 유동성위험 관리방안에 관한 법적 연구 : 수출채권 매입과 수출보험제도를 중심으로 = A legal study on the liquidity risk management for export companies : focusing on negotiation of export accounts receivable and export insurance system

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T14549925

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      Korea had achieved 1 trillion USD of trading in 2011 and now is the 9th biggest country in the amount of trading, the 7th biggest in the export as of 2015. The dependancy on export is 38.24%, which is the 2nd highest among the G20 countries following Germany. In terms of dependancy on import, it is 31.69% also 2nd largest after Maxico and the dependancy on trading(which is sum of import and export) is 69.93% also 2nd biggest following Germany. This means the export accounts for biggest portion of Korea’s economy, so by boosting up the export we could strengthen the country’s competitiveness and promote economic growth. Export transaction is the trade between merchants, who stay in different country, by nature it possess high risk compared to the domestic trade. Political risk from the importing country’s change of situation, credit risk from importers, foreign exchange losses from the fluctuate of exchange rate and the risk that goods could go bad or be lost in the middle of long distance transportation may occur, by removing or reducing those risk, we could expect export transaction will be made smoothly. Among these risks from the exporter’s point of view, the most biggest risk can be the risk related with payments. Even though the exporter has performed his obligations if the payment cannot be fulfilled due to political risk or credit risk, the damage to the exporter will be more than serious. Furthermore, the scale of the export transaction is being enlarged and the amount of payment is increasing. And also the international trade market is changing into the buyer-driven market and exporter cannot avoid credit based transactions with their customer. In this situation, if the exporter cannot encash the accounts receivable, it may suffer critical cash flow. Thus, early liquidation of export receivables has been very important issues to exporters. Export Insurance protects exporters from these various risks and this gives they relieve the anxiety about trade and allows them to concentrate on the steady exports. Export Insurance is operated by Korea Trading Insurance Corporation(K-sure) on Trade Insurance Act in Korea. By the Export Insurance, the exporter can not only eliminate the risk of unsettlement of the payment but also benefit from withdrawing the payment of the export in the early stage. Through this process, the exporter can prevent the liquidity risk and at the same get the opportunity of maximizing the profit. However in the case of fraudulent export transaction, the Export Insurance is not guaranteed and the banking institution who purchasing the export receivables and the K-sure are in dispute and litigation. To make it worse, some of the banking institutions are not willing to deal with Export Insurance any more. However because of the structure of the Export Insurance, it is hard to guarantee the loss from purchasing of fraudulent export receivables. But it is excessive to ask for the banking institution not to examine as a mere formality but to assess the genuineness of the export receivables and it will result that the banking institutions avoid to use Export Insurance and the guarantee would be weakened. Therefore it is necessary to modify the system so that the banking institution can purchase the export receivables only by examining as a formality in the principle of independence and abstraction of the letter of credit. In this way, it is possible to strengthen the guarantee of the Export Insurance and promote industries’ export.
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      Korea had achieved 1 trillion USD of trading in 2011 and now is the 9th biggest country in the amount of trading, the 7th biggest in the export as of 2015. The dependancy on export is 38.24%, which is the 2nd highest among the G20 countries following ...

      Korea had achieved 1 trillion USD of trading in 2011 and now is the 9th biggest country in the amount of trading, the 7th biggest in the export as of 2015. The dependancy on export is 38.24%, which is the 2nd highest among the G20 countries following Germany. In terms of dependancy on import, it is 31.69% also 2nd largest after Maxico and the dependancy on trading(which is sum of import and export) is 69.93% also 2nd biggest following Germany. This means the export accounts for biggest portion of Korea’s economy, so by boosting up the export we could strengthen the country’s competitiveness and promote economic growth. Export transaction is the trade between merchants, who stay in different country, by nature it possess high risk compared to the domestic trade. Political risk from the importing country’s change of situation, credit risk from importers, foreign exchange losses from the fluctuate of exchange rate and the risk that goods could go bad or be lost in the middle of long distance transportation may occur, by removing or reducing those risk, we could expect export transaction will be made smoothly. Among these risks from the exporter’s point of view, the most biggest risk can be the risk related with payments. Even though the exporter has performed his obligations if the payment cannot be fulfilled due to political risk or credit risk, the damage to the exporter will be more than serious. Furthermore, the scale of the export transaction is being enlarged and the amount of payment is increasing. And also the international trade market is changing into the buyer-driven market and exporter cannot avoid credit based transactions with their customer. In this situation, if the exporter cannot encash the accounts receivable, it may suffer critical cash flow. Thus, early liquidation of export receivables has been very important issues to exporters. Export Insurance protects exporters from these various risks and this gives they relieve the anxiety about trade and allows them to concentrate on the steady exports. Export Insurance is operated by Korea Trading Insurance Corporation(K-sure) on Trade Insurance Act in Korea. By the Export Insurance, the exporter can not only eliminate the risk of unsettlement of the payment but also benefit from withdrawing the payment of the export in the early stage. Through this process, the exporter can prevent the liquidity risk and at the same get the opportunity of maximizing the profit. However in the case of fraudulent export transaction, the Export Insurance is not guaranteed and the banking institution who purchasing the export receivables and the K-sure are in dispute and litigation. To make it worse, some of the banking institutions are not willing to deal with Export Insurance any more. However because of the structure of the Export Insurance, it is hard to guarantee the loss from purchasing of fraudulent export receivables. But it is excessive to ask for the banking institution not to examine as a mere formality but to assess the genuineness of the export receivables and it will result that the banking institutions avoid to use Export Insurance and the guarantee would be weakened. Therefore it is necessary to modify the system so that the banking institution can purchase the export receivables only by examining as a formality in the principle of independence and abstraction of the letter of credit. In this way, it is possible to strengthen the guarantee of the Export Insurance and promote industries’ export.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • 제 1 장 서 론 1
      • 제 1 절 연구의 목적 1
      • 제 2 절 연구의 범위 및 방법 3
      • 제 2 장 수출거래와 위험 5
      • 제 1 절 수출거래의 개요 5
      • 제 1 장 서 론 1
      • 제 1 절 연구의 목적 1
      • 제 2 절 연구의 범위 및 방법 3
      • 제 2 장 수출거래와 위험 5
      • 제 1 절 수출거래의 개요 5
      • Ⅰ. 수출거래의 의의 5
      • 1. 일반수출거래 6
      • 2. 특정거래형태의 수출거래 7
      • 1) 위탁판매수출과 수탁판매수입 8
      • 2) 위탁가공무역과 수탁가공무역 9
      • 3) 임대수출과 임차수입 10
      • 4) 연계무역 10
      • 5) 중계무역 11
      • 6) 외국인수수입과 외국인도수출 12
      • 7) 무환수출입 13
      • 8) 수출보험에서의 위탁가공무역과 중계무역 13
      • Ⅱ. 수출거래의 특징 14
      • 1. 일반적인 특징 14
      • 2. 높은 분쟁가능성 15
      • 3. 다양한 위험 발생 15
      • 제 2 절 수출거래에서 위험(Risk)의 유형 16
      • Ⅰ. 비상위험 16
      • Ⅱ. 신용위험 18
      • Ⅲ. 환변동위험 19
      • Ⅳ. 운송위험 19
      • Ⅴ. 유동성위험 19
      • 제 3 절 수출거래에서 대금결제위험 20
      • Ⅰ. 송금결제방식에서의 결제위험 22
      • 1. 송금결제방식의 의의 22
      • 2. 사전송금 결제방식 22
      • 3. 동시지급 결제방식 23
      • 1) 물품인도지급방식(COD) 24
      • 2) 서류상환지급방식(CAD) 25
      • 4. 사후송금 결제방식 26
      • 5. Open Account 방식 27
      • Ⅱ. 추심방식에서의 결제위험 28
      • 1. 추심방식의 의의 28
      • 2. 지급인도조건(D/P) 28
      • 3. 인수인도조건(D/A) 30
      • Ⅲ. 신용장방식에서의 결제위험 31
      • 1. 신용장의 의의 31
      • 1) 신용장의 정의 31
      • 2) 신용장의 기원 33
      • 2. 신용장의 기본원칙 33
      • 1) 신용장의 독립․추상성의 원칙 33
      • (1) 신용장의 독립성 33
      • (2) 신용장의 추상성 35
      • (3) 독립․추상성의 효과 36
      • (가) 매입은행에 대한 보호 36
      • (나) 개설은행에 대한 보호 37
      • (다) 수익자에 대한 보호 38
      • (4) 관련 사례 38
      • (가) Maurice O’Meara Co. v. National Park Bank 사건 38
      • (나) Discount Records Ltd. v. Barclays Bank Ltd. & Barclays Bank International Ltd. 사건 39
      • (다) AMERICAN STEEL CO. v. IRVING NAT. BANK 40
      • 2) 독립․추상성의 원칙의 예외 : Fraud Rule 40
      • (1) Fraud Rule의 의의 40
      • (2) Fraud Rule의 사례 41
      • (3) 미국의 통일상법전(UCC)에서의 Fraud Rule 42
      • 3) 엄격일치의 원칙 44
      • 3. 신용장의 기능 44
      • 제 3 장 수출거래에서 수출기업의 유동성위험 및 관리방안 45
      • 제 1 절 수출기업의 유동성위험(Liquidity Risk) 45
      • Ⅰ. 유동성의 중요성 45
      • Ⅱ. 유동성위험의 발생원인 45
      • 제 2 절 수출기업의 유동성위험 관리방안 47
      • Ⅰ. 대금결제방식의 선택 47
      • 1. 선수금 47
      • 2. 신용장 48
      • Ⅱ. 국제팩토링 48
      • 1. 국제팩토링의 의의 48
      • 2. 국제팩토링의 거래구조 50
      • 3. 국제팩토링의 발전과정 51
      • 4. 국제팩토링의 당사자 52
      • 5. 국제팩토링의 기능 53
      • 1) 수출기업 입장에서의 효용 53
      • 2) 수입기업 입장에서의 효용 53
      • 6. 우리나라 국제팩토링 현황 54
      • 1) 도입 54
      • 2) 거래규모 54
      • 3) 우리나라 팩토링의 문제점 55
      • Ⅲ. 포페이팅 56
      • Ⅳ. 수출환어음 매입 57
      • Ⅴ. 수출보험 제도 59
      • 제 4 장 수출보험을 통한 수출기업의 유동성위험 관리 60
      • 제 1 절 우리나라 수출보험 제도 60
      • Ⅰ. 한국무역보험공사(K-sure) 61
      • Ⅱ. 수출보험 제도 61
      • 1. 수출보험의 의의 62
      • 2. 수출보험의 법적 성격 62
      • 1) 정책보험 62
      • 2) 손해보험 63
      • 3) 신용보험(보증보험) 63
      • 4) 기업보험 64
      • 5) 사법상의 계약 64
      • 3. 수출보험의 기능 65
      • 1) 수출기업의 위험제거 65
      • 2) 금융보완적 기능 65
      • 3) 수출진흥 정책수단 66
      • 4) 해외 수입기업에 대한 신용조사 기능 66
      • 제 2 절 수출기업의 유동성위험 관리를 위한 주요 수출보험제도 66
      • Ⅰ. 단기수출보험(선적후) 67
      • 1. 제도 개요 67
      • 2. 적용대상거래 68
      • 3. 운영방식 69
      • Ⅱ. 수출신용보증(선적후) 70
      • 1. 도입 배경 70
      • 2. 제도 개요 71
      • 3. 보증대상거래 73
      • Ⅲ. 수출신용보증(Nego) 73
      • 1. 도입 배경 73
      • 2. 제도 개요 74
      • 3. 보증대상거래 76
      • Ⅳ. 단기수출보험(수출채권유동화) 77
      • 1. 도입 배경 77
      • 2. 제도 개요 79
      • 3. 적용대상거래 80
      • 제 5 장 수출기업의 유동성위험 관리제도로서의 수출보험에 대한 개선사항 81
      • 제 1 절 수출채권 매입 관련 수출보험의 분쟁사례 81
      • Ⅰ. 수출신용보증(선적후) 사례 81
      • 1. 사건의 개요 81
      • 2. 무역보험공사의 처분 82
      • 3. 판결 요지 82
      • Ⅱ. 단기수출보험(수출채권유동화) 사례 83
      • 1. 사건의 개요 83
      • 2. 무역보험공사의 처분 85
      • 제 2 절 수출채권 매입 관련 수출보험의 문제점 85
      • Ⅰ. 수출채권 매입의 개념 85
      • 1. 신용장에서의 매입 85
      • 2. 수출보험에서의 매입 88
      • 1) 수출신용보증(선적후․Nego)에서의 매입 88
      • 2) 단기수출보험(수출채권유동화)에서의 매입 89
      • Ⅱ. 허위수출에서의 수출채권 매입 89
      • Ⅲ. 단기수출보험(수출채권유동화)에서의 허위 수출채권 매입 90
      • 1. 보험의 목적과 피보험이익 91
      • 1) 보험목적의 의의 91
      • 2) 피보험이익의 의의 92
      • 3) 수출보험에서의 보험의 목적 93
      • 2. 허위수출에서의 보험관계 성립여부 95
      • 3. 허위 수출채권에 대한 보험관계 불성립의 문제점 95
      • 제 3 절 수출채권 매입 관련 수출보험에 대한 개선사항 96
      • Ⅰ. 단기수출보험(수출채권유동화) 담보력 강화 97
      • Ⅱ. 수입기업에 대한 신용조사 강화 98
      • Ⅲ. 수출기업에 대한 신용조사 강화 98
      • Ⅳ. 무역보험공사의 수출지원기관으로서의 역량 강화 99
      • 제 6 장 결 론 101
      • 참고문헌 103
      • ABSTRACT 107
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