The geopolitical landscape of Northeast Asia—encompassing China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia—presents a complex interplay of economic collaboration, territorial disputes, and strategic rivalries, underscoring the need for systemati...
The geopolitical landscape of Northeast Asia—encompassing China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia—presents a complex interplay of economic collaboration, territorial disputes, and strategic rivalries, underscoring the need for systematic research to uncover patterns of interstate relations. This study examines the evolution of geopolitical relationships among Northeast Asian states from 1992 to 2023, identifying distinct phases, classifying interaction patterns, and analyzing the historical, economic, and strategic factors shaping bilateral dynamics.
Employing a multi-methodological approach, Temporal Constrained Clustering identifies critical phases in cooperation and conflict, while Standard Deviational Ellipse analysis maps spatial distributions and directional trends. Social Network Analysis reveals structural dynamics and the roles of central actors, and Reciprocity Theory supports a classification framework categorizing bilateral ties as cooperation-dominated, conflict-dominated, or balanced. These analyses leverage GDELT event data and Goldstein scores for a quantitative exploration of regional dynamics.
The findings reveal clear phases in cooperation (1992–2004 and 2005–2023) and conflict (1992–2007 and 2008–2023). Cooperation expanded spatially, becoming more balanced, while conflict remained localized, centered on the Korean Peninsula, with North Korea as a dominant actor. China emerged as a key driver in cooperation networks, particularly with Russia, while Sino-Japanese relations were shaped by historical grievances and strategic rivalry. Sino-North Korean ties reflected asymmetrical dependency and stability concerns, and Sino-South Korean relations balanced economic interdependence with security pressures.
This research advances geopolitical analysis by integrating spatiotemporal and network-based frameworks and applying reciprocity models to capture the coexistence of cooperation and conflict. These contributions provide a nuanced understanding of how economic interdependence, historical grievances, and strategic rivalries shape Northeast Asia’s evolving regional dynamics.
However, the study acknowledges limitations. The reliance on GDELT event data introduces potential biases due to varying levels of media coverage and limited reporting may obscure key aspects of bilateral interactions. Additionally, critical episodes like the THAAD controversy, which resulted in reduced bilateral interactions rather than overt conflict, highlight the challenges of relying solely on event-based metrics to capture the full complexity of bilateral relations. Future research should address these limitations by incorporating multilateral perspectives and exploring the broader systemic factors influencing regional geopolitics, such as the role of emerging technologies and global economic disruptions.