Occurrence of Diadegma semiclausum, a parasitoid of diamondback moth in lowlands of Syria

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is one of the most effective parasitoids of diamondback moth (DBM) in the highlands (N1600 mabove sea level) of Asia. A Diadegma population from the lowland areas of Homs, Syria (about 203–487 m above sea level) was examined to determine if it differs at the species-level from the D. semiclausum and other Diadegma populations present in different countries using molecular diagnostic tools. Phylogenetic analysis based on the neighbor-joining method using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences grouped the Homs (Syria) Diadegma population with D. semiclausum populations from other countries. The results suggest that D. semiclausum occurs in the lowland conditions in Homs (Syria), where the temperature is higher. The Homs (Syria) strain did not show any variations in the parasitism when the parasitized host (DBM)larvae were exposed to varying temperatures for 24 h. It could not survive when the parasitized DBM larvae were continuously reared at 35 °C; however it inflicted significantly higher parasitism when the parasitized DBM larvae were reared at day and night temperatures of 35 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that the D. semiclausum strain from Homs (Syria) possesses some level of heat tolerance, which could be exploited for successful management of DBM in the tropical lowlands.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), "World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2010. World weather information service,Syrian Arab Republic, weather information for Homs"

2 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), "World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2010. World weather information service,Syrian Arab Republic, weather information for Deir Ezzor"

3 Noyes,J., "The reliability of published host–parasitoid records: a taxonomist's view. Norw" 16 : 59-69, 1994

4 Saitou,N., "The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees" 4 : 406-425, 1987

5 Lunt,D.H., "The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies" 5 : 153-165, 1996

6 Thompson,J.D., "The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools" 25 : 4876-4882, 1997

7 Navajas,M., "Species-wide homogeneity of nuclear ITS2 sequences in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae contrasts with extensive mitochondrial COI polymorphism" 80 : 742-752, 1998

8 Ooi, P.A.C., "Role of parasitoids in managing diamondback moth in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia" Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan 225-262, 1992

9 Mustata, G., "Role of parasitoid complex in limiting the population of diamondback moth in Moldavia, Romania" Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tai 203-211, 1992

10 Hardy,J.E., "Plutella maculipennis Curt., its natural and biological control in England.Bull" 29 : 343-372, 1938

11 Wagener,B., "Phylogenetic study of Diagdema species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) inferred from analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences" 37 : 131-140, 2006

12 Davies,A.P., "Parental genetic traits in offspring from inter-specific crosses between introduced and indigenous Diadegma Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): possible effects on conservation genetics" 44 (44): 535-541, 2009

13 Gariepy,T.D., "Parasitoids, predators and PCR: the use of diagnostic molecular markers in biological control of arthropods" 131 : 225-240, 2007

14 Johnson,M.W., "Parasitization of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae), in Hawaii" 28 : 197-203, 1998

15 Zhao,J.Z., "Monitoring of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb and emamectin benzoate" 99 : 176-181, 2006

16 Wagener,B, "Molecular systematics of selected Diadegma species (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae: Campoplegine) important in biological control"

17 Rugman-Jones,P.F., "Molecular identification key for pest species of Scirtothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)" 99 : 1813-1819, 2006

18 Talekar, N.S., "Introduction of Diadegma semiclausum diamondback moth in Taiwan" Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan 263-270, 1992

19 Shi,Z.H., "Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hym., Braconidae) in parasitizing Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)" 128 : 437-444, 2004

20 Azidah,A.A., "Identification of Diadegma species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)" 90 : 375-389, 2000

21 Fitton, M., "Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with the diamondback moth: the taxonomic dilemma" Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan 225-232, 1992

22 Traugott,M., "Detecting key parasitoids of lepidopteran pests by multiplex PCR" 39 : 39-46, 2006

23 Talekar,N.S., "Biology, ecology and management of the diamondback moth" 38 : 275-301, 1993

24 Yang,J.C., "Biological studies of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasite of diamondback moth" 38 : 579-586, 1993

25 Hall,T.A., "BioEdit: a user friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT" 41 : 95-98, 1999

26 Ratnasingham,S.,Hebert,P.D.N., "BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System"