미국 원주민 문학과 보편성 문제 -실코의 『의식』을 중심으로 = Native American Literature and the Question of Universality Focusing on Silko`s Ceremony

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper delves into the question of universality in Native American Literature focusing on Leslie Marmon Silko`s Ceremony, exploring some different definitions of universality and looking at the work in the light of these definitions. In this paper I proposed four possible definitions or faces of universality applicable to the narrative of the oppressed people. Firstly, the colonizers indoctrinate their colonized persons with the colonialists` beliefs through the process of assimilation purposefully imposed in the name of universality. In Ceremony Rocky and Emo are the victims of assimilation including militarization. Secondly, the colonized people hold on to their traditional values in face of colonizers` universalism. In Ceremony Tayo shows an attachment to tribal stories in opposition to whites` lies. Thirdly, the colonized can get together by sharing experiences of violence, occupation, and loss of their land and language, forming a bond of “commonality” among them. In Ceremony the story of a medicine man, Betonie, suggests oneness of victims against the evil power of destroyers represented by nuclear bombs. Fourthly and lastly, the universal consists in the subject`s trial and practice attempting to achieve universalism against the existing order, not in the stipulation defining what is universal. In the story Tayo endeavors to retrieve his cattle by transgressing whites` property and makes a hole in the established dichotomy of whites and Indians. In sum, Ceremony as a minor literature shows the developmental aspects of universality, culminating in Tayo`s refusal to assimilate himself to whites` lies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 랑시에르, 자크, "정치적인 것의 가장자리에서" 길 2008

2 Silko, Leslie Marmon, "Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native American Life Today" Simon & Schuster 25-47, 1996

3 Badiou, Alain, "Universal Truths & the Question of Religion. Interview with Adam S. Miller"

4 Holm, Tom, "The militarization of Native America: Historical process and cultural perception" 34 (34): 461-474, 1997

5 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, "The Post-Colonial Studies Reader" Routledge 28-37, 2006

6 Niezen, Ronald, "The Origin of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity" U of California P 2003

7 Krech III, Shepard, "The Ecological Indian: Myth and History" W. W. Norton 1999

8 Silko, Leslie Marmon, "Storyteller" Arcade 17-32, 1981

9 Kruks, Sonia, "Retrieving Experience: Subjectivity and Recognition in Feminist Politics" Cornell UP 2000

10 Castillo, Susan Perez, "Postmodernism, Native American Literature and the Real: The Silko-Erdrich Controversy" 32 : 285-295, 1992

11 Rancière, Jacques, "Misadventures of Universality"

12 Badiou, Alain, "Metapolitics" Verso 114-123, 2005

13 Rosaldo, Renato, "Imperialist Nostalgia" 26 : 107-122, 1989

14 Seyersted, Per, "Conversation with Leslie Marmon Silko" UP of Mississippi 1-9, 2000

15 Silko, Leslie Marmon, "Ceremony" Penguin 1977

16 Barker, Jason, "Alain Badiou: A Critical Introduction" Pluto 2002