청소년 자녀와 사별한 부모의 부부관계 경험에 관한 질적연구: 세월호 유가족의 경험을 중심으로 = A Qualitative Study on the Experience in the Marital relationship of Adolescent Victims’ Parents: Focusing on the Experience of Sewol Ferry Disaster Victims’ Families

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This purpose of this study was to understand the marital relationship of bereaved parents of the Sewol Ferry disaster after the death of a child. Giorgi’s phenomenological method was employed to deduct 7 components and 25 subcomponents from statements of deep interview of 15 participants. The participants’ experience of marital relationship is divided into ‘the difference of married couples’, ‘grief reaction and grieving style’, ‘couples` relationship after death of their child’ and ‘parents who live for their child: meaning of surviving children and a deceased child’. The components are: ‘wives enduring sorrow of bereavement’, ‘husbands avoiding grief’, ‘changes in couples’ daily lives’, ‘exhausted by looking at a spouse’, ‘coping with grief’, ‘awareness of the value of a spouse’, ‘maintaining couples’ relationship for their child’. The discussion and implication were provided based on the results of this study.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 자녀와 사별한 부모의 부부관계 경험의 의미와 본질을 세월호 유가족을 대상으로탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 세월호 재난으로 자녀를 잃은 부모 15명의 면담자료를 활용하였다. 면담자료는 Giorgi 현상학적 연구방법 절차에 따라 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 연구참여자들의 부부관계 경험은 ‘부부의 서로 다른 애도반응 및 애도방식의 차이’, ‘예전과 달라진 부부의 모습들’, ‘자녀 때문에 부부가 유지되고 살아가게 됨: 부부에게 던져진 생존자녀와 사별자녀의 의미’의 세 축으로 분류 되었고 구성요소 7개, 하위구성요소 25개가 도출되었다. 구성요소는 ‘슬픔에 갇힌 채 일상을 버텨가는 아내’, ‘가장이기 때문에 슬픔을 억눌러야 하는 남편’, ‘예전의 행복했던 모습과는 달라진 부부의 일상’, ‘힘들어하는 배우자를 바라보며 소진되어감’, ‘사별의 슬픔을 배우자와 함께 감당해 가기’, ‘자녀 잃은 고통을 버텨가는 과정에서 배우자의 존재의 가치를 새로 알게 됨’, ‘자녀 때문에 부부가 유지되고 살아가게 됨: 생존/사별자녀의 의미’이다. 연구결과에 기초하여 논의와 시사점을 제시하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Giorgi, A., "현상학과 심리학 연구" 현문사 2004

2 김순진, "외상 후 스트레스 장애" 학지사 2000

3 이동훈, "세월호 재난으로 자녀를 잃은 부모의 내적 경험에 관한 질적 연구: 심리정서, 신체, 인지, 행동적 차원을 중심으로" 한국상담심리학회 29 (29): 255-291, 2017

4 윤득형, "사별 애도를 위한 영적 돌봄과 의미 만들기 이론- 자녀를 잃은 부부의 사례를 중심으로 -" 한국실천신학회 (53) : 411-438, 2017

5 정연자, "사고사로 자녀를 잃은 어머니의 외상 후 성장 경험" 한국가족치료학회 25 (25): 471-495, 2017

6 이성희, "대구지하철 사고 유가족에 대한 위기개입(Ⅰ)" 10 (10): 141-159, 2004

7 이윤수, "‘천안함 사건' 유가족의 심리사회적 경험" 한국가족사회복지학회 (43) : 87-110, 2014

8 Shapiro, E. R., "Whose recovery, of what? Relationships and environments promoting grief and growth" 32 (32): 40-58, 2007

9 Walsh, F., "When a family deals with loss: Adaptational challenges, risk, and resilience" Routledge 2004

10 Rasras, K., "Violent death: Resilience and intervention beyond the crisis" Routledge, Taylor & Francis 357-370, 2006

11 Abbott, D. A., "Violent death : A qualitative study of Israeli and Palestinian families" 14 (14): 117-128, 2009

12 Figley, C. R., "Traumatology of grieving:Conceptual, theoretical, and treatment foundations" Brunner/Mazel, Taylor & Francis Group 1999

13 Broman, C. L., "Traumatic events and marital well-being" 58 (58): 908-916, 1996

14 Kaltman, S., "Trauma and bereavement : Examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths" 17 (17): 131-147, 2003

15 Rellias, B. U. O., "The trauma of the sudden death of a child: The impact on couple relationship" Loma Linda University 2011

16 Baucom, D. H., "The role of cognitions in marital relationships : Definitional, methodological, and conceptual issues" 57 (57): 31-38, 1989

17 Giorgi, A., "The question of validity in qualitative research" 33 (33): 1-18, 2002

18 Buyukcan-Tetik, A., "The impact of bereaved parents’ perceived grief similarity on relationship satisfaction" 31 (31): 409-419, 2017

19 Najman, J. M., "The impact of a child death on marital adjustment" 37 (37): 1005-1010, 1993

20 Rogers, C. H., "The effect of the death of a child on midlife mental and physical health: An exploration of risk and resilience factors" Georgia State University 2005

21 Hooghe, A., "The complexity of couple communication in bereavement : An illustrative case study" 35 (35): 905-924, 2011

22 Versalle, A., "The attitudes of men and women concerning gender differences in grief" 50 (50): 53-67, 2005

23 Cacciatore, J., "Stillbirth and the couple : A gender-based exploration" 11 (11): 351-372, 2008

24 Rosenblatt, P., "Shared reminiscence about a deceased parent : Implications for grief education and grief counseling" 39 (39): 206-210, 1990

25 Lichtenthal, W. G., "Sense and significance : A mixed methods examination of meaning making after the loss of one’s child" 66 (66): 791-812, 2010

26 Rosenblatt, P. C., "Protective parenting after the death of a child" 5 (5): 343-360, 2000

27 Lang, A., "Predictors of husbands’ and wives’ grief reactions following infant death : The role of marital intimacy" 20 (20): 33-57, 1996

28 Keesee, N. J., "Predictors of grief following the death of one’s child : The contribution of finding meaning" 64 (64): 1145-1163, 2008

29 Essakow, K. L., "Piecing together the shattered heirloom : Parents’experiences of relationship resilience after the violent death of a child" 41 (41): 299-310, 2013

30 Giorgi, A., "Phenomenology and psychological research" Duquesne University Press 1985

31 Omery, A., "Phenomenology : A method for nursing research" 5 (5): 49-64, 1983

32 Barrera, M., "Patterns of parental bereavement following the loss of a child and related factors" 55 (55): 145-167, 2007

33 Wijngaards-de Meij, L., "Patterns of attachment and parents’adjustment to the death of their child" 33 (33): 537-548, 2007

34 Stroebe, M., "Partner-oriented self-regulation among bereaved parents : The costs of holding in grief for the partner’s sake" 24 (24): 395-402, 2013

35 Webb, C. L., "Parents’ perspectives on coping with Duchenne muscular dystrophy" 31 (31): 385-396, 2005

36 Buckle, J. L., "Parenting after the death of a child: A practitioner’s guide" Routledge 2011

37 Rubin, S. S., "Parental response to child loss across the life cycle: Clinical and research perspectives" American Psychological Association 2001

38 Joronen, K., "Parental relationship satisfaction after the death of a child" 30 (30): 499-506, 2016

39 Avelin, P., "Parental grief and relationships after the loss of a stillborn baby" 29 (29): 668-673, 2013

40 Rosenblatt, P. C., "Parent grief: Narratives of loss and relationship" Routledge 2000

41 Salakari, A., "Negative changes in a couple’s relationship after a child’s death" 8 (8): 193-209, 2014

42 Guba, E. G., "Naturalistic inquiry (Vol. 75)" Sage 1985

43 Znoj, H. J., "Mourning parents : Considering safeguards and their relation to health" 26 (26): 545-565, 2002

44 Martin, T. L., "Men don’t cry...women do: Transcending gender stereotypes of grief" Psychology Press 2000

45 Klass, D., "Marriage and divorce among bereaved parents in a self-help group" 17 (17): 237-249, 1987

46 Schildhaus, W. K., "Marital adaptation and growth after the death of a child" Boston University 1997

47 Riches, G., "Making stories and taking stories : Methodological reflections on researching grief and marital tension following the death of a child" 24 (24): 357-365, 1996

48 Bonanno, G. A., "Loss, trauma, and human resilience : Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?" 59 (59): 20-28, 2004

49 Song, J., "Long‐term effects of child death on parents’ Health-Related Quality of Life : A dyadic analysis" 59 (59): 269-282, 2010

50 Lehman, D. R., "Long-term effects of sudden bereavement : Marital and parent-child relationships and children’s reactions" 2 (2): 344-367, 1989

51 Stroebe, M., "Health outcomes of bereavement" 370 (370): 1960-1973, 2007

52 Stroebe, M. S., "Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention" American Psychological Association 2008

53 Baumeister, R. F., "Guilt : An interpersonal approach" 115 (115): 243-267, 1994

54 Toller, P. W., "Grieving together and apart: Bereaved parents’ contradictions of marital interaction" 37 (37): 257-277, 2009

55 Rando, T. A., "Grief, dying, and death:Clinical interventions for caregivers" Research Press 1984

56 Worden, J. W., "Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner" Springer Publishing Company 2008

57 Vandenberg, S. K. B., "Grief communication, grief reactions and marital satisfaction in bereaved parents" 25 (25): 569-582, 2001

58 Stroebe, M., "Gender differences in adjustment to bereavement : An empirical and theoretical review" 5 (5): 62-83, 2001

59 Titus, B., "Finding meaning in the loss of a child : Journeys of chaos and quest" 26 (26): 450-460, 2011

60 Murphy, S. A., "Finding meaning in a child’s violent death : A five-year prospective analysis of parent’s personal narratives and empirical data" 27 (27): 381-404, 2003

61 Lohan, J. A., "Family functioning and family typology after an adolescent or young adult’s sudden violent death" 8 (8): 32-49, 2002

62 Kissane, D. W., "Family focused grief therapy : A randomized, controlled trial in palliative care and bereavement" 163 (163): 1208-1218, 2006

63 Epstein, N. B., "Enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for couples:A contextual approach" American Psychological Association 2002

64 Johnson, S. M., "Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds" Guilford Press 2002

65 Oliver, L. E., "Effects of a child’s death on the marital relationship : A review" 39 (39): 197-227, 1999

66 Schwab, R., "Effects of a child’s death on the marital relationship : A preliminary study" 16 (16): 141-154, 1992

67 Bergstraesser, E., "Dyadic coping of parents after the death of a child" 39 (39): 128-138, 2015

68 Moriarty, H. J., "Differences in bereavement reactions within couples following death of a child" 19 (19): 461-469, 1996

69 Albuquerque, S., "Couple’s relationship after the death of a child : A systematic review" 25 (25): 30-53, 2016

70 Wijngaards-de Meij, L., "Couples at risk following the death of their child : predictors of grief versus depression" 73 (73): 617-623, 2005

71 Gilbert, K. R., "Couple coping with the death of a child. Death and trauma: The traumatology of grieving" Taylor & Francis 1997

72 Nakajima, S., "Complicated grief in those bereaved by violent death : The effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on complicated grief" 14 (14): 210-214, 2012

73 Baucom, D. H., "Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy" Brunner/Mazel 1990

74 Talwar, V., "Children’s understanding of death: From biological to religious conceptions" Cambridge University Press 2011

75 Cain, A. C., "Children’s disturbed reactions to the death of a sibling" 34 (34): 741-752, 1964

76 Murphy, S. A., "Challenging the myths about parents’adjustment after the sudden, violent death of a child" 35 (35): 359-364, 2003

77 Alam, R., "Bereavement experiences of mothers and fathers over time after the death of a child due to cancer" 36 (36): 1-22, 2012

78 Stroebe, W., "Bereavement and health: The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss" Cambridge University Press 1987

79 Lyngstad, T. H., "Bereavement and divorce : Does the death of a child affect parents’marital stability?" 4 (4): 79-86, 2013

80 Rossetto, K. R., "Bereaved parents’strategies and reactions when supporting their surviving children" 79 (79): 533-554, 2015

81 Murphy, S. A., "Bereaved parents’outcomes 4 to 60 months after their children’s deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide : a comparative study demonstrating differences" 27 (27): 39-61, 2003

82 Lohan, J. A., "Bereaved mothers’ marital status and family functioning after a child’s sudden, violent death : A preliminary study" 12 (12): 333-347, 2007

83 Fraley, R. C., "Attachment and loss : A test of three competing models on the association between attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement" 30 (30): 878-890, 2004

84 Rando, T. A., "An investigation of grief and adaptation in parents whose children have died from cancer" 8 (8): 3-20, 1983

85 Riches, G., "An intimate loneliness: Supporting bereaved parents and siblings" McGraw-Hill Education 2000

86 Polatinsky, S., "An assessment of gender differences in the perception of benefit resulting from the loss of a child" 13 (13): 709-718, 2000

87 Thompson, A. L., "A qualitative study of advice from bereaved parents and siblings" 7 (7): 153-172, 2011

88 Hopmeyer, E., "A comparative study of family bereavement groups" 18 (18): 243-256, 1994

89 Hooghe, A., ""We hardly ever talk about it" : Emotional Responsive Attunement in Couples after a Child’s Death" 57 (57): 226-240, 2018

90 Ungureanu, I., ""Broken together" : Spirituality and religion as coping strategies for couples dealing with the death of a child : A literature review with clinical implications" 32 (32): 302-319, 2010