근대 개성상인의 사환제(使喚制)와 그 변화 = Sahwan system and Changes of the Modern Gaesung Merchants

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Gaesung merchants started to venture into commerce since the mid-15th century, and developed their unique business traditions through trial and error. Such traditions and conventions have contributed dearly to their maintaining market power in the city even during the colonial period. Among the commercial traditions of Gaesung merchants, there existed what is known as the `merchant reproduction system`. That system consisted of Sahwan, which was the first phase, and regional peddlers. This article deals with the Sahwan system. Gaesung Sahwan`s work was similar to regular ones, but it was distinct since it underwent organized and structured training process by Gaesung merchants to be raised as one of them. Thus Gaesung Sahwan was different from others in two aspects. First, there was an internal apprenticeship and promotion system by stages. This fact clearly indicates that Gaesung Sahwan was one of the systematic steps to reproduce local traders. Second, the relationship between Sahwan and storekeeper persisted even after the completion of the apprenticeship. If the storekeeper finds Sahwan with a promising future, he will economically support the junior until Sahwan can be independent and start his own business. Thanks to such aid, Sahwan was able to succeed as a merchant businessman. In the main body, two individuals, 李廷林 and 李會林, were examined as examples of such case. They went through Sahwan life in Gaesung during the colonial era, and were able to grow as traders with Gaesung identity. They eventually rose as prominent entrepreneurs in big business after the Korean War. Meanwhile, 1920s and 1930s witnessed the appearance of negative public opinion against Gaesung Sahwan system. This phenomenon was due to the fact that people began to recognize it as not merely a traditional reproduction system of merchants, but as a modern worker. They insisted that modern working standards should be applied to improve deteriorating conditions of the system. The system in fact dictated that Gaesung Sahwan was without pay for the first two or three years and had to suffer long-hour labor. Conventionally, such treatment was understood as a natural process as an apprentice to become a merchant. However, changing times made previous practices appear problematic. Both Sahwans and Gaesung mass media were also eager to expose such bad treatments and went on to correct them, which movement led to the gradual betterment of Sahwan living environment after mid-1930s. In this manner, Gaesung Sahwan was a significant legacy of the local traders, specially in terms of the initial stage of their reproduction system. Regardless of its limitations, this tradition continued until the Japanese colonial period, and continuously produced merchants whose identity could be traced back to Gaesung business, of which few then transformed themselves into modern entrepreurs by becoming conglomerators in south Korea after fleeing from the north.

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