It has been over four years since the Constitutional Court rendered its decision of nonconformity with the Constitution regarding the Provision on Self-Abortion and Abortion by Doctors of the Criminal Act on April 11, 2019. Despite the fact that almos...
It has been over four years since the Constitutional Court rendered its decision of nonconformity with the Constitution regarding the Provision on Self-Abortion and Abortion by Doctors of the Criminal Act on April 11, 2019. Despite the fact that almost three years elapsed since the deadline for amendment (December 31, 2020) suggested by the Constitutional Court, legislative improvements have not been implemented yet. The prolonged legislative vacuum has led to social confusion. The existing provisions on abortion in the Criminal Act have practically lost their effect, creating a lack of standards regarding the procedure and permissible scope of abortion. As a result, the rights of women seeking abortion, the fetus, medical professionals intending to perform abortion surgeries, and more broadly, the rights of all citizens living on the basis of the Constitution, are being violated.
In this vein, there is a need to explore ways to promote legislative improvements following the Constitutional Court's nonconformity decision and to diagnose the reasons for the delay in legislative reforms. However, previous academic research on abortion has largely been limited to discussing the constitutionality of abortion provisions from a legal perspective, examining reproductive rights of women and the right to life of the fetus from a feminist or religious perspective, or discussing legal improvements from medical perspective.
This study applies Kingdon's Multiple Streams Model (1984) to analyze the causes of the ongoing non-decision state regarding abortion policy. It examines the policy process related to abortion from September 2016, when the Ministry of Health and Welfare announced a proposed amendment to strengthen penalties for physicians performing abortion surgery, to present (January 2024). The study comprehensively analyzes various government and civil society documents, newspaper articles, opinion survey results, parliamentary review reports, parliamentary records, academic papers, and books related to the abortion issue. Through the analysis, the Policy Problem Stream, the Policy Alternative Stream, the Political Stream surrounding the abortion issue have been dicussed. Moreover, whether each stream and the Policy Window met the conditions for coupling has been examined.
In regards to the Policy Problem Stream, the analysis reveals that the Constitutional Court's decision played a crucial role in focusing social attention on the abortion issue. The attempt by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in August 2018 to strengthen penalties for abortion surgeries intensified the tension between women's right to self-determination and the right to life of the fetus, also leading to concerns about the irrational restriction and punishment of medical practices based on outdated abortion regulations. The subsequent Constitutional Court decision on abortion laws in April 2019 raised new issues, including the timing of when abortion should be permitted, in addition to the previously debated issue of whether abortion should be penalized.
Regarding the Policy Alternative Stream, before the Constitutional Court’s decision, there was a call for the abolition of abortion laws, mainly led by women's groups and progressive politicians. After the nonconformity decision, policy alternatives became more diversified.
In terms of the Political Stream, there was a national-level atmosphere favoring abortion, and various social groups, including women's groups, medical professionals, and religious groups, took various actions to advocate their positions. However, the pressure for legislative improvements decreased among women's groups after the expiration of the amendment deadline set by the Constitutional Court. Changes in government and legislative composition showed a shift from a women-friendly policy stance under the Moon Jae-in administration, which emphasized the need for policy improvements related to abortion issues, to a less women-friendly approach under the subsequent administration of Yoon Suk Yeol.
The analysis of the Policy Problem Stream, Policy Alternative Stream, and Political Stream reveals that the Streams were not ready for coupling. In regards to the Policy Alternative Stream, the tension between the right to life of the fetus and women's right to self-determination lowers the value acceptibility of policy alternatives. Furthermore, there has been a notable absence of a clear policy entrepreneur within the Political Stream.
While the Constitutional Court's decision opened the Policy Window for the abortion issue, the lack of prior social consensus resulted in various groups in civil society perceiving the policy problems differently. As a result, all of the policy alternatives proposed at the National Assembly failed to address anyone's concerns effectively.
It becomes evident through this study that resolving the current deadlock requires, above all, policy entrepreneurs who can reconcile conflicting opinions and problem perceptions across the society. Based on such reconciliation, social consensus must be reached, thus enhancing the value acceptance of policy alternatives.