활성화(activation)를 통해 본 서구 복지국가의 변화 궤적: 복지 및 노동시장 개혁을 중심으로 = Activated qualitatively or how much? Activation and the change of the Western Welfare States

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문의 목적은 ‘활성화(activation)’라는 개념을 통해 서구 복지국가의 변화 추세를 경험적으로 고찰하는데 있다. 활성화는 실업자 및 비고용 인구의 노동시장으로의 통합을 위해 사회정책과 노동시장정책의 전반적인 틀을 개혁하려는 의미로 쓰이는 만큼, 전통적인 복지국가의 성격 변화를 야기하는 정책 패러다임의 변화로 이해되고 있다. 이를 경험적으로 규명하고자 본 연구는 사회정책과 노동시장정책의 개편에 따른 정책 결과를 반영 하도록 ‘사회보호체계의 활성화(activated social protection system)’를 핵심 개념이자 변수로 고안하였다. 각각 실업보험과 사회부조 부문을 중심으로 세부 지표를 구성하였으며, 다시 활성화의 질적인 맥락을 반영할 수 있도록 퍼지 전환을 통해 표준화하였다. 이를 기반으로 본 연구는 1990년대 후반에서 2010년대 초반까지 서구 복지국가를 비교, 분석하였다. 분석결과, 상당수 국가에서 사회보호체계의 활성화가 현저하여 활성화로의 서구 복지국가의 궤적은 전반적으로 뚜렷하다고 볼 수 있었다. 특히, 독일과 스웨덴은 사회보호체계의 활성화가 급진전되어 주목되는 부분이다. 반면, 네덜란드와 노르웨이는 급격한 변화를 보이지 않아, 국가 간의 차이도 확연하였다. 이어지는 문헌분석 결과, 이러한 국가 간 상이성은 각 국이 처한 상황, 역사적 유산과 정책 선택의 차이에 기인하는 것으로 해석할 수 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We attempted to empirically investigate the change of the western welfare states through the lens of ‘activation’. Activation is widely understood as a change of policy paradigm leading to the transition of the welfare state, since it implies a foundational reform of social policy and the labor market policy in order to integrate the unemployed and non-employment population into the labor market. We conceptualized ‘activated social protection system’ and devised an index for it, to examine the result of such a policy shift. The index consisted of two indicators of social protection systems for the unemployed and for the non-employment population, which respectively includes sub-indicators, and the index scores were transformed into fuzzy scores. Nine welfare states were analyzed from the late 1990s to the early 2010s, and the result showed that the social protection system has remarkably been activated in most countries, and in Germany and Sweden in particular. However, there were also found the difference between countries, especially in the Netherlands and Norway showing relatively incremental change. Literature review supported our interpretation of this phenomena that historical context, situations, and political selection differing over countries matter here, in the activation.

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