신라 사천왕사 건축 연구 = A Study on the Architecture of Sacheonwangsa Temple in Silla

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper is a fundamental architectural research study on the layout of Sacheonwangsa Temple and basic stage of architectural evidence of various structures such as Geumdang (main building of temple), Moktop (wooden pagoda), and Danseok (assumed altar). Summerizing the research contents, they are as follows.
Firstly, the spatial dimensions of the front and back courtyards, which are centered on the Geumdang and the Iklang (wing corridor), were compared and reviewed based on the architectural plan of the Hwaerang (corridor). The size of the space is determined by the proportion of buildings inside the space, and the size of the Hwaerang is also adjusted accordingly. Therefore, the standard of Sacheonwangsa Temple's layout should be based on the Geumdang. Based on the Ikrang plan, the width of the internal space of the temple is closely related to ensuring the entrance space and the placement of the two pagodas facing each other. The size of the foundation stone (초석) of Sacheonwangsa Temple is based on the size of the Iklang, which is smaller than the Hwaerang.
Secondly, the Chayang-kan (sloping eave bracket system) of the Geumdang was installed at the latest stage of the construction sequence. However, the Joomang (grid of columns) makes the Dori-kan evenly spaced, requiring a structural system that reinforces the Cha-yangkan, and this can be seen as an early structural form among the Geumdangs of the Silla period. Since the Geumdang has a Chayang-kan structure and a round seat size of the main hall-foundation stone is same, it is believed that the main building is a single-story architecture, including the roof of the Chayang-kan, which makes up the two-story of the Geumdang‘s exterior.
Thirdly, Moktop preserves the standard plane of the Silla-style three-kans pagoda, making it a very important cultural property. The Ma-ae Pagoda in Namsan exhibits a evenly decreased shape, and is understood as a stacked pagoda structure with individual floors, rather than a continuous structure. Taking into account the size differences between the foundation stones of the 4 central-columns (사천주) and outer-columns (외주), as well as the dimensions of the supporting seat of Noban and the methods used to support the lower part of the bracket, it is thought that central-columns were connected by a short column, closing the distance between columns, from 2.15 meters at the first floor, to about 1.5 meters at the top floor.
Lastly, Danseokji is believed to be a building site where a religious ritual called the Munduru Bibeop was performed. Specifically, it is judged to be a first-floor plan of a high-floor (고상) building. The small stones (소초석) inside were installed to support stairs or ladders leading up to the high-floor building. Buildings in square floor plans without columns on the inside and located in symbolic positions include the Danseokji Stone Platform, the Hwangboksa Temple Pagoda Site (assumed), and the Building Site No.12 in Hwangnam-dong. The elaborate stone carving of the foundation stone and the circular hole are closely related to the majestic level seen in the foundation stones of the Sacheonwangsa Temple, and are believed to have been measures taken to erect a tall pillar. Architecture such as high wooden floor can be referenced in ancient Chinese architectural paintings. Further research is needed to understand what function these high-floor buildings served, in addition to the possibility of the Danseok.