Recently, to address the global issue of climate change, countries worldwide have been establishing and implementing carbon-neutral policies. Consequently, there is a growing interest in renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels, and significan...
Recently, to address the global issue of climate change, countries worldwide have been establishing and implementing carbon-neutral policies. Consequently, there is a growing interest in renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels, and significant attention is focused on energy storage systems capable of effectively storing generated energy. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are suitable for energy storage systems due to their high energy storage efficiency and ability to undergo multiple charge/discharge cycles.
LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode material is a substance that replaces Co in the traditional LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode material with Ni and Mn, enhancing capacity and stability. Particularly, Ni-rich NCM, where the Ni content, responsible for exhibiting capacity, is increased to over 80%, is widely used as a cathode material for batteries with high energy density, showing a capacity of over 190 mA h g-1. On the other hand, commonly used graphite (C6) anode material exhibits excellent lifespan characteristics but has the drawback of low capacity, with 372 mA h g-1. Silicon-based anode materials are gaining attention as high-energy-density anode materials, boasting over five times the theoretical capacity of graphite at 4200 mA h g-1. However, the alloying reaction with lithium ions leads to significant volume expansion, causing material pulverization issues and reducing lifespan. Efforts have been made to mitigate volume expansion by developing SiOx anode materials, which mix Si with SiO2. Still, overcoming the lifespan reduction due to volume expansion remains a challenge. Both Ni-rich NCM and SiOx anode materials face a common issue of rapid degradation in lifespan characteristics due to electrolyte and interface instability. Ni-rich NCM exhibits a strong tendency for the oxidation of unstable Ni4+ ions during the charging process, leading to increased resistance and reduced lifespan due to electrolyte sub-reactions. Additionally, SiOx undergoes continuous electrolyte sub-reactions and material pulverization due to severe volume changes, resulting in decreased lifespan.
This paper aims to enhance the interface stability of high-energy-density Ni-rich NCM and SiOx materials by forming a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the cathode interface and a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode interface to secure lifespan characteristics. In Chapter 1, the background and components of LIBs are explained, with a focus on describing the operating principles and pros and cons of Ni-rich NCM cathode material and SiOx anode material. In Chapter 2, the lifespan stability of Ni-rich NCM is improved by introducing TiO2 and H3BO3 as coating materials. A multifunctional CEI containing T and B is formed on the Ni-rich NCM surface using a simple heat treatment dry method. The resulting Ti-O and B-O-based CEI, with effects such as inhibiting electrolyte sub-reactions, reducing residual lithium, suppressing irreversible phase transition, and relieving microcracks, improves the capacity retention rate by 21.9%p for the 100th cycle compared to untreated Ni-rich NCM in high-temperature electrochemical evaluations. Chapter 3 focuses on enhancing the interface stability of SiOx anode material by introducing the electrolyte additive 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TFE). TFE, containing a significant amount of fluorine, can form an LiF-based SEI on the SiOx surface. The LiF-based SEI, with high mechanical strength, can alleviate volume expansion and effectively block electron tunneling, resulting in excellent inhibition of electrolyte sub-reactions. The SEI generated by TFE suppresses material pulverization, electrolyte sub-reactions, and crack formation on the SiOx anode, improving interface stability. In high-temperature electrochemical evaluations, introducing TFE as an additive enhances the capacity retention rate by 17.6%p for the 100th cycle compared to the base electrolyte without additives.