This dissertation is related with development of novel polymer membrane materials for gas separation fields and new polymer design concept was proposed to obtaine high gas permeability with concrete physical properties.
This dissertation is organized...
This dissertation is related with development of novel polymer membrane materials for gas separation fields and new polymer design concept was proposed to obtaine high gas permeability with concrete physical properties.
This dissertation is organized into seven chapters, including introductory chapter. Main topic of thesis was introduced at Chapter 2 and the ideas can be classified as three primary areas: (a) expansion of main ideas, (b) copolymerization system, and (c) polymer electrolyte membrane by acid doping.
In Chapter 2, within a polymer film, free-volume elements such as pores and channels typically have a wide range of sizes and topologies. This broad range of free-volume element sizes compromises a polymer’s ability to perform molecular separations. We demonstrated free-volume structures in dense vitreous polymers than enable outstanding molecular and ionic transport and separation performance that surpasses the limits of conventional polymers. The unusual microstructure in these materials can be systematically tailored by thermally driven segment rearrangement, flexibility of the original chain, and judicious inclusion of small templating molecules. This rational tailoring of free-volume element architecture provides a route for preparing high-performance polymers for molecular-scale separations.
In Chapter 3, we demonstrate new routes to create free volume elements (or cavities) in amorphous glassy polymers, which enable these polymers to surpass easily the separation limitation of traditional polymer membranes for gas separation. Here it is found that free volume elements representing highly permeable, selective characteristics can be tailored via regioselective chain displacement of rigid polymer segments (in the confined space) triggered by external thermal energy. For example, the thermal rearrangement of polyimides containing - OH or -SH groups can lead to totally amorphous polybenzoxazole (PBO) and polybenzthiazole (PBT), respectively. Unexpectedly, these polymer membranes showed high gas permeability as well as high gas selectivity. The oxygen permeabilities of thermally rearranged PBO and PBT membranes are 780 and 530 Barrers, respectively, which is comparable to oxygen permeability of silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane, 680 Barrer) frequently used for gas separation. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms of these polymers show unique cavity size and cavity size distribution largely caused by chain rearrangement. It is believed that these unique cavity sizes and shapes are responsible for excellent gas separation properties of thermally rearranged polymers. Since these polymers belong to a family of high-temperature polymer, the present polymer membranes can be used for applications in harsh conditions where typical polymer membranes cannot survive.
In Chapter 4, a series of copolymer membrane was prepared from copolymerizing thermally stable and theramlly convertible polyimide and hydroxyl containing polyimide precursors. Thermal conversion of hydroxyl group and imide linkage into benzoxazole structure was performed to increase the rigidity of polymer backbone and to creat free volume elements in order to improve gas separation performance of the resultant membrane. Free volume cavities produced during thermal conversion reaction was easily controlled by varing the copolymer ratio. The evidences of thermal conversion reaction was confirmed by using the spectroscopic and thermo gravimetric analysis. O₂permeability of copolymer membranes varied from 0.17 Barrer (1 Barrer = 1ⅹ10^(-10)㎤(STP) cm/㎠ s cmHg) to 516 Barrer depending on their composition without the loss of their selectivity. Also, fully converted membrane showed high CO₂ permeability (1300 Barrer) with CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 39. The present copolymer membrane easily overcome the conventional polymeric upper bound limit and can compare with the gas separation performance with superior membrane materials such as carbon molecular sieves.
In Chapter 5, poly(benzoxazole-co-pyrrolone) copolymers in various compositions were prepared by two-step thermal conversions from their precursors, polyimides containing both hydroxyl and amino group. The pyrrolone and benzoxazole are thermally formed at different temperatures, 300 oC and 450 oC, respectively. All series of copolymers showed higher gas permeability than their precursors, as well as higher gas selectivity than benzoxazole homopolymers. Copolymerization of pyrrolone and benzoxazole moieties, which is composed of stiff selective domain and high free-volume, high permeable domain, is considered as successful routes to improve gas selectivity without a significant loss in gas permeability.
In Chapter 6, the novel high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes containing benzoxazole moieties were fabricated via thermal rearrangement mechanism over 350 oC using hydroxyl-containing polyimide (6-FPI) membranes, and subsequent acid-impregnation. Especially, the thermal treatment at 450 oC for 1 hr resulted in a polybenzoxazole (6-FPBO) membrane without any hydroxyl groups. The resulting 6-FPBO membrane contained a microporous structure with high surface area (535 ㎡/g), fractional free volume (0.309) and microvoid fraction (~0.38) substantially similar to that (0.47-0.5) of most open zeolites. The peculiar microporous structure and the basic sites (-C=N-) in benzoxazole moieties contributed the impregnation of small acidic molecules in large quantities within the polymer matrix. When high concentrated acids (10 M solution) such as HCl, HNO₃, H3PO₄, and HPF_(6) with different acidities and thermochemical radii, 6-FPBO containing microporous structure reached at the equilibrium doping level in a short immersion time (3 hrs). Interestingly, the acid-doping level decreased with increasing size of dopants. In spite of low acidity (pKa = ~ 1.18) derived from compensation between high electronegativity (3.5) and electron-donating effect of oxygen atoms in benzoxazole moieties, 6-FPBO impregnated using HCl with the smallest radius (~0.168 nm) has much higher doping level (107.6 mol%) and excellent proton conductivity (1.60×10^(-1) S/cm at 130 oC) compared with PBI (doping level = 54.0 mol%, proton conductivity = 6.59×10^(-2) S/cm at 130 oC and RH 28%). Under harsh thermo-oxidation condition, the acid-doped 6-FPBO showed excellent long-term stability without any weight loss associated with decomposition of polymer matrix and doped acids. Differing from a common acid-doped PBI system, acid-doped 6-FPBO membranes with micropores did not show a severe leaching out problem even in repeated heating to 130 oC and cooling to 90 oC. In other words, highly concentrated acid did not leak out of polymer matrix of 6-FPBO, which was expected to contribute extensively the reliability of electrochemical performances in high-temperature PEMFC system containing acid-doped 6-FPBO as a polymer electrolyte membrane.