고용구조 변화와 노동시장 이중구조화: 유럽근로조건조사 분석 결과를 중심으로, 2005~15 = Changes in Employment Structure and Labor Market Dualization: An Analysis of European Working Conditions Survey, 2005~15

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 유럽 주요 국가에서의 고용구조 변화 추이를 파악하고 그 동인과 함의를 제시하고자 한다. 직종 기반 접근법과 과업수요 변화에 관한 이론적 논의를 기반으로 직종 5분위별 고용구조 변화를 파악하여 유럽 노동시장 이중구조화의 전개과정을 분석하였다. 최근 20여 년간 ‘유럽근로조건조사’ 자료를 중심으로 직종별 일자리의 질을 임금, 교육수준, 비금전적 일자리의 질 지수에 따라 구분하고 그 구조변화 양상을 국가별로 파악하였다.
전체적으로 국가 유형에 따라 매우 상이한 구조변화를 경험한 것으로 나타났는데, 특히 남유럽 국가에서 이중구조화 경향이 두드러진 것으로 확인되었다. 대륙유럽 일부 국가에서도 이중구조화가 강화된 것으로 드러났고, 북유럽의 스웨덴도 일정 부분 일자리의 질이 악화된 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 직종 구조변화를 어떤 기준으로 접근하느냐에 따라 매우 상이한 결과가 나타났다. 변화의 동인과 관련해서는 국가별 분석 결과의 전반적인 통계적 유의도는 낮았으나, 인지과업이 고용증가를 이끈 반면 루틴과업이 고용감소로 이어지는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 대륙유럽과 북유럽 국가에서는 주로 사회적 상호작용 과업이 고용감소를 이끈 것으로 나타났다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study seeks to identify employment structure trends in major European nations, key drivers of change, and their implications. It analyzes the development of dualization in the European labor market, identifying changes in employment structure by occupation quintile through an occupation-based approach. Analysis used data from the past two decades of European Working Conditions Survey, structured to identify changes in working conditions by occupations with indices on wage, education, and non-pecuniary job quality.
Results suggest a notably large variance between countries in structural changes undergone. Southern Europe underwent a marked dualization trend. Continental Europe also showed partial dualization, and in Northern Europe, Sweden showed a notable degree of deterioration. Provided, significantly different results can be drawn depending on how structural change in occupations is defined. Concerning drivers of dualization, statistical analysis showed little significance, but general trends could be identified: growth was led by demand for higher cognition tasks, and downturn was led by demand for routine tasks. In continental and Northern Europe, demand for social interaction tasks contributed to a decrease in employment.

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