조선후기 정종 후릉(厚陵)의 수개와 그 영향 = Improvement of Hureung and It’s Effects in the Late Joseon Dynasty

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 조선 제2대 정종(定宗)과 그의 비 정안왕후(定安王后) 김씨의 무덤인 후릉을 연구의 대상으로 삼아, 후릉이 조선 후기에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 다음과 같이 밝혀 보았다.
첫째, 숙종은 정종을 조선 제2대 국왕으로서 정통성을 인정하였다. 그의 사후 300여 년이 지나 숙종은 정종이라는 묘호를 올렸고, 국왕의 상징물을 제작했으며 왕실 사당에서 제사를 드릴 수 있게 되었다.
둘째, 조선 숙종은 1692년 후릉을 수리한 후 1693년 친행하였다. 이에 따라 후릉의 구조나 배치, 수량 및 크기 등이 주목을 받았고, 이후 다른 왕릉을 조성할 때 전례로써 참고하였다. 1698년 숙종은 ‘단종’에게 묘호를 올리고, 1699년 단종의 장릉(莊陵)과 정안왕후의 사릉(思陵)을 추봉 하였다. 아울러 숙종 계비 인현왕후의 명릉(明陵)을 조성할 때에도 후릉을 전례로 삼았다.
셋째, 후릉은 숙종 말기에 조성된 왕릉의 양식에 영향을 끼쳤다. 후릉은 단종의 장릉과 정순왕후의 사릉을 비롯하여 숙종의 명릉, 경종의 의릉 및 숙종의 세 번째 왕비인 인원왕후의 명릉을 조성할 때에도 영향을 끼쳤다. 특히 이들 왕릉은 후릉의 석조각을 참고하여 만들었기 때문에, 왕릉의 석인상들은 170㎝의 등신대로서 전후 시기의 것보다 50-80㎝ 정도로 작았다. 한편 양식적으로는 조각이 섬세하고 표정이 사실적인 경향을 엿볼 수 있다.
이처럼 정종의 후릉은 비록 조선 초기의 국왕이고 왕릉임에도 불구하고 숙종에 의해 재발견되어 17세기 말 18세기 초 왕릉의 양식에 영향을 끼쳤음을 알 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Joseon dynasty referred to royal tombs from the previous period as precedents whenever it established the royal mausoleum. In the meantime, the number of the royal tombs to be referenced was increased in the second half of the Joseon Dynasty, which expanded the range of choice. Regarding this, the study was focused on examining when, by whom, how and why Hureung, the royal tomb for King Jeongjong, the second king of the Joseon Dynasty, and his wife, was referenced in the late Joseon Dynasty. The result of the study can be summarized as follows.
First, King Sukjong recognized King Jeongjong as a legitimate king of the Joseon Dynasty. King Jeongjong reigned for two years from 1398 to 1400, but his legitimacy failed to be recognized by later kings. It is well demonstrated by the fact that he was called as ‘Gongjeong Daewang’ instead of a shrine-title for more than 300 years after his death. At a time of compiling a genealogical table, King Sukjong, the 19th king of the Joseon Dynasty, granted him such a shrine title as ‘Jeongjong,’ made symbolic icons and allowed ancestral rites in the royal shrine.
Second, King Sukjong visited Hureung for King Jeongjong for the first time in the late Joseon Dynasty. When a king decided to visit a royal tomb, it was customary to maintain structures or stone sculptors of a royal tomb and establish facilities in advance. Since Hureung was located in Gaeseong far away from Hanyang, it was a rarity for a king to pay a visit in person, but various repair works were conducted in 1692 before King Sukjong visited it in person in 1693. It drew a lot of attention to the structure, arrangement, quantity and scale of Hureung and became known to many people.
Third, Hureung was referenced as a precedent at a time of establishing other royal tombs at the end of King Sukjong. First of all, the 7th king of the Joseon Dynasty who had not been reinstated after dethronement until that time was called ‘Nosangun,’ and in 1698, King Sukjong granted him such a shrine-title as ‘Danjong’ following King Jeongjong’s example. From 1698 to 1699, he elevated a tomb for King Danjong and his wife to a royal tomb by following precedents. In the meantime, King Sukjong also referenced Hureung as a precedent at a time of establishing Myeongreung, a royal tomb for Queen Inhyeon, the second wife of King Sukjong.
Fourth, Hureung had effects on the styles of royal tombs established in the late period of King Sukjong. It also influenced not only King Danjong’s Jangreung and Queen Jeongsun’s Sareung but also King Sukjong’s Myeongreung, King Gyeongjong’s Uireung and Myeongreung for Queen Inhyeon, the second wife of King Sukjong. In particular, since these royal tombs were established in reference to stone sculptures of Hureung, stone statutes in the royal tombs were mostly full-size statutes that are about 170㎝ in height, which was 50 to 80㎝ shorter than others. In the meantime, they exhibited delicate sculptures and realistic expressions in terms of style.
Although Jeongjong was a king in the early Joseon Dynasty, and Hureung was his royal tomb, it was rediscovered by King Sukjong to influence the styles of royal tombs in the late 17^th century and the early 18^th century.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "현종개수실록"

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8 "정종후릉수개도감의궤"

9 "장릉봉릉도감의궤"

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11 "인현왕후명릉산릉도감의궤"

12 장경희, "의궤 속 조선의 장인" 솔과학 2013

13 "승정원일기"

14 "숙종명릉산릉도감의궤"

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16 "사릉봉릉도감의궤"

17 "경종의릉산릉도감의궤"

18 "각릉수개등록"

19 "가보고 싶은 왕릉과 그 기록"